Journal of Agriculture, Aquaculture, and Animal Science
The Journal of Agriculture, Aquaculture, and Animal Science (JAAAS) is a peer-reviewed and open-access journal. It aims to expand the thoughts of researchers globally in the fields of Agriculture, Horticulture, Food Science, Animal Science, Veterinary Medicine, Aquaculture, Fisheries, etc.
Examining the Effects of Agricultural Productivity on Household Well-Being: A Case Study of Chongwe Farming Block II
This study examines the impact of agricultural productivity on household living conditions in Chongwe Farming Block II, with a focus on food security, diversification, value addition, and the challenges faced by local households. Using a descriptive research design, data were gathered through questionnaires from 50 informants, including local farmers and Ministry of Agriculture representatives. Statistical analyses, aided by SPSS, revealed that enhanced agricultural productivity correlates positively with improved food security through higher incomes, greater dietary diversity, and household resilience to shocks. Diversification and value addition also play pivotal roles in boosting household incomes, job creation, and market access, thereby elevating living standards. However, productivity is hindered by limited access to modern farming inputs, knowledge gaps, and environmental issues such as soil degradation and climate variability. The study recommends policy reforms to support resource allocation, infrastructural development, and capacity-building initiatives. Strengthened cooperative networks, sustainable land management practices, and public-private partnerships are emphasized as essential strategies for fostering long-term agricultural growth and improved household well-being. The data overwhelmingly suggests a positive correlation between increased agricultural productivity and improved household food security. With 66% of respondents indicating a strongly positive correlation and an additional 20% noting a moderate positive correlation, it's evident that higher agricultural productivity leads to better food security outcomes for households in the region. This research underscores the transformative potential of sustainable agricultural practices in alleviating poverty and promoting socio-economic development in rural Zambia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samson Zimba, Kelvin Chibomba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comprehensive Review of the Synergy between Probiotic Bacteria and Medicinal Fungi: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Combination Therapies
The probiotic bacteria coupled with the medical fungi serve as an indication of a developmental field of medical action, which offers the individual component efficacy to surpass effect. In this analysis, attention is paid to the clinical impact of mechanical foundations, medicine and popular probiotic fungi. Lately, due to the improved knowledge of the next generation of probiotics (NGP) and fungi-bioactive substances, novel mechanism has been identified that operates on immune regulation, antimicrobial effects and overall health. The combination of bacterial metabolites and fungal polymarides can also be quite helpful in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, virus diseases and metabolic disorders. This broad research incorporates the modern results of research, represents the gaps of knowledge and suggests the future directions of this fast evolving medical paradigm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rajaa Ali Habeeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological and Immunological Evaluation of Hepato-Renal Disturbances Due to Low and High Doses of Carbimazole in Rats
Carbimazole is a widely utilized thionamide antithyroid drug that also functions as a prodrug for methimazole, It is normally administered to treat hyperthyroidism, but a large number of patients have recorded a number of side effects. Investigation the effects of low and high doses of carbimazole on liver and kidney functions and to assess immune-related responses through the measurement of various serum biochemical markers. Thirty adult female rats were purchased, acclimated and equally divided into three groups; NCG (Normal Control Group ): rats does not receive carbimazole, LCG (Low-Dose Carbimazole Group): rats treated with 80mg/Kg body weight, HCG (High-Dose Carbimazole Group): rats treated with160mg/Kg body weight. After the experimental peroid, blood samples were collected directly from the heart and centrifuged to obtain serum, and after that the serum samples were analyzed for hepato-renal biomarkers [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (Cr), cystatin C (Cys-C), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), urea (BUN), furthermore liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP)] and immunological [kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), Netrin-1 (Ntn-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)] serum markers by using the quantitative ELISA. Compared with the control group (NCG), both treated groups (LCG and HCG) exhibited significant increases (p<0.05) in AST (0.88 ± 0.07 vs. 2.01 ± 0.19 ng/ml, respectively), BUN (1466.3 ± 2.02 vs. 2316 ± 129.58 nmol/ml, respectively), GGT (49.52 ± 3.79 vs. 79.42 ± 6.08 ng/L, respectively), L-FABP (300.1 ± 44.02 vs. 746.6 ± 48.12 pg/ml, respectively), NGAL (1393.8 ± 72.66 vs. 1601.1 ± 52.33 pg/ml, respectively), and Ntn-1 (48.86 ± 5.72 vs. 99.7 ± 7.64 pg/ml, respectively). Furthermore, ALP (9.87 ± 0.75 ng/ml), ALT (662.5 ± 34.27 pg/ml), Cr (35.25 ± 4.087 nmol/ml), Cys-C (48.6 ± 4.26 ng/ml), and KIM-1 (449.2 ± 74.02 pg/ml) were significantly elevated (p<0.05) only in rats of HCG group .Notably, AST, GGT, BUN, L-FABP, NGAL, and Ntn-1 levels were marked higher in the HCG group compared with the LCG group. Carbimazole administration can cause variable degrees of hepatic and renal disturbances that following the received dose highlighting the importance of thorough patient selection, diligent monitoring, as well as, personalized therapeutic strategies to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks associated with carbimazole treatment.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Copyright (c) 2025 Tamarah H. Ahmed, Noor H. Al-Mousawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Commercial and Artisanal Hormone-Treated Feed on the Sex Reversal of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Soconusco Region, Chiapas
This study evaluated the effect of commercial and artisanal feed treated with the hormone 17-alpha-methyltestosterone on the sex reversal of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Soconusco region of Chiapas, Mexico. A completely randomized experimental design was implemented with three treatments: hormone-treated artisanal feed (T1), hormone-treated commercial feed (T2), and a control group of mixed organisms without hormone treatment (T3), each with three replicates. The fry was fed for 28 days under controlled conditions, and the percentage of males was subsequently determined by direct gonadal analysis. The results showed masculinization rates of 93% in T1, 78% in T2, and 67% in T3. Statistical analysis using the chi-square test revealed significant differences between treatments (χ² = 12.47; p < 0.05), confirming the greater efficacy of the artisanal feed, possibly associated with better hormone fixation and stability during natural evaporation and refrigerated storage. The results demonstrate that artisanal feed containing 17-alpha-methyltestosterone at 60 mg/kg is a technically viable and low-cost alternative for producing monosex tilapia populations, highlighting the need to standardize preparation processes to optimize reproductive efficiency and environmental safety in tropical aquaculture systems. It is adoption can strengthen the productive efficiency and profitability of aquaculture systems, offering an accessible option for producers in the Soconusco region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gema Beatriz Estrada-Damián, Liliana López-Tirado, Naara Jocabed Hernández-Montejo, Pedro Martín Negrete-Moreno, Edgar Tovar-Juárez, Victoria Mendoza-Cruz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Toxic Effect of Frequent Low and High Doses of Acetaminophen on Liver Function in Mice
Acetaminophen is pharmacologically an active chemical entity, which is used safely and most widely as an over-the-counter analgesic drug, has been on the increase for the past few years-a trend that is predicted to continue. The study aims to examine experimental assessment the toxic effect of frequent low and high doses of acetaminophen on liver function through serological measurement of hepatic enzymes and antioxidants in mice. Forty adult male albino mice were equally assigned to NC (distilled water), and three acetaminophen groups; HAD (1000 mg/kg/day), RAD (500 mg/kg/day), and LAD (250 mg/kg/day). All mice were injected daily for 28 days; and finally, they chloroform- euthanized and directly blood sampled to obtaining the sera that utilized for measurement of hepatic enzymes (ALP, ALT, AST, and GGT), antioxidants [catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde (MDA)] throughout the quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. In comparison to values of NC, though the serum levels of ALP, ALT, AST, and GGT were significantly increased in HAD, there were significant decreases in values of ALT and GGT in mice of LAD but not RAD; whereas, values of ALP and AST were differed insignificantly in mice of RAD and LAD. Among antioxidants, the findings of CAT, GSH-Px, and SOD were decreased in HAD but not RAD; however, significant elevation in values of SOD but not CAT and GSH-Px were shown in mice of LAD. For MDA, higher values were seen in mice of HAD but not in RAD and Lad. This study demonstrates that the prolonged administration of acetaminophen induces dose-dependent hepatotoxicity in mice, characterized biochemically by significant elevations in serum ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT, consistent with impaired serum antioxidants and lipid peroxidation markers. These findings underscore the hepatotoxic risk of acetaminophen overdose and prolonged use, emphasizing the necessity of strict adherence to therapeutic dosages, vigilant clinical monitoring, and early intervention strategies to mitigate liver injury.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed H. M. Merah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancing Sustainable U.S. Aquaculture: Microalgae as a Fishmeal Alternative for Rainbow Trout
As the need for environmentally friendly aquaculture operations grows, more people are looking for other sources of protein. Microalgae are becoming a possible alternative to traditional fishmeal in rainbow trout diets. This review looks at how microalgae might be used instead of fishmeal, focussing on their nutritional benefits, growth performance, and environmental benefits. Microalgae including Chlorella, Spirulina, and Nannochloropsis are good sources of protein (30–60% dry weight), essential amino acids, and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. These nutrients help improve feed conversion ratios and keep omega-3 levels high in trout meat. Life-cycle evaluations show that feeds made from microalgae can cut down on greenhouse gas emissions and phosphorus loading compared to regular fishmeal. These benefits notwithstanding, issues include elevated manufacturing costs (estimated at $50–400/kg dry weight), possible nutritional imbalances, and regulatory impediments continue to pose substantial barriers to widespread use. Ongoing research into optimising production techniques, wastewater integration, and genetic engineering of microalgae offers promise for addressing these restrictions. Adding microalgae to U.S. aquaculture might make the sector more sustainable and profitable, as well as lessen its impact on the environment and reliance on wild-caught fish. To fully realise the promise of microalgae as a key part of sustainable aquaculture, we need to keep investing in research, create supportive legislative frameworks, and encourage collaboration between industry and academia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Taofeek Saka Jimoh, Toheeb Olaniyi Falakin, Elijah Kordieh Mensah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Black Soldier Fly Meal as a Sustainable Alternative to Fishmeal in Rainbow Trout: Impacts on Growth, Nutrient Utilization, and Sustainability
This review evaluates the potential of Black Soldier Fly Meal (BSFM) as a sustainable alternative to fishmeal in the diets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a key species in global aquaculture. The objective is to assess the effects of BSFM on trout growth, nutrient utilization, and its environmental sustainability, as compared to traditional fishmeal. A comprehensive literature synthesis was conducted, focusing on studies published from 2019 to 2025, covering BSFM’s nutritional composition, growth performance, and its environmental impact through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Key findings indicate that BSFM can effectively support growth in rainbow trout, with up to 50% fishmeal replacement showing comparable or improved growth performance. Nutritionally, BSFM is rich in protein, amino acids, and essential fatty acids, though supplementation with methionine and omega-3 fatty acids may be necessary. LCA results reveal that BSFM production significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, and land requirements compared to conventional fishmeal. In conclusion, BSFM represents a promising, environmentally sustainable protein source for rainbow trout aquaculture, although further research on optimal inclusion rates, long-term effects, and regulatory approval is needed for broader commercial adoption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Taofeek Saka Jimoh, Elijah Kordieh Mensah, Toheeb Olaniyi Falakin, AyoIge Ayodele Blessing (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Yield Impact of Panicle Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloesporioides on Mango Gowers in Samal District, Samal Island: A Quantitative Assessment
This study evaluated the incidence of mango panicle anthracnose and its impacts on farmers in Samal District, Samal Island. Results show that mango production is largely managed by middle-aged to older farmers, mainly male, with limited formal education and small to medium farm sizes. While this reflects strong farming experience, it also limits the adoption of improved management practices due to lack of technical training. Panicle anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, was identified as a major constraint to mango production. Most respondents observed moderate to severe infection, particularly during the wet season, with 11–50% of trees and panicles affected annually. The disease was found to reduce yield, lower fruit quality, and cause high postharvest rejection rates. Consequently, income losses exceeding 50% were reported by many growers. Farmers rely heavily on fungicide applications during flowering and fruiting, but limited access to extension services and sustainable options reduces effectiveness. Coping measures include frequent fungicide use, adjusted induction schedules, and farmer-to-farmer collaboration. Although interest in resistant varieties was expressed, adoption remains low. The study concludes that anthracnose remains a persistent and economically damaging disease. Strengthening farmer capacity and promoting integrated, sustainable management are essential to safeguard production and income.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jojine S. Cobrado, Alminda M. Fernandez, Kyle A. Anselmo, Dianne Joy A. Gumera, Jackielou M. Linao, Lucy Jean P. Omaña (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adoption of Soya Bean (Glycine max) Elite Lines and Multivariant Analysis Based on Agronomic Traits: A Case of Agro-Ecological Region III of Zambia
Soya bean food system has been on the growing trajectory globally and in the sub-Saharan region. However, the pace of growth in this food-system within Zambia, has been slower compared to the regional growth and the global trend. Therefore, this study focused on evaluating the factors that affect the adoption of soya bean varieties within agro-ecological region III of Zambia. Furthermore, the study focused on identifying potential candidate parental lines among adopted soya bean varieties for crop improvement. The study incorporated 365 farmers and the logit model was utilized to identify factors associated with adoption of soya bean production. On-farm field trials, were conducted on five (5) sites within the study area, during 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 seasons to assess the yield performance of adopted soya bean varieties. Socio-economic factors such as income, age, experience, marital status, education, government policies, extension services, credit facilities, occupation and farmer associations, were identified to influence the adoption of soya bean varieties. Furthermore, soya bean variety Dina, significantly out-performed (p<0.05) all the varieties in terms of average number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, and total number of seeds per plant. Correlation analysis, indicated a significant association (0.94***) between number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight, and similarities were observed in their association with other traits. Furthermore, seed yield indicated significant associations with some yield components. Through cluster analysis, two (2) major candidate parental lines were established for candidate crosses. Ultimately, this knowledge will guide efforts in breeding to create and utilize superior cultivars that offer high yields in a range of crop circumstances among soya bean farmers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lingoni, G., Siyunda, C. A., Mwakasungula, I., Chikalipa, E., Mwansa, B., Tembo, M. E., Chimbila, J., Mwansa, N., Siamubeze, C., Phiri, O., Matakala, N., Haamukwanza, P. M., Tembo, G., Solemanegy, M. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Indices, Carcass Characteristics, Organs, and Thermal Stress Responses of Broiler Chicken Exposed to Dietary Betaine Hydrochloride During Hot Season
The impact of varied levels of betaine hydrochloride on performance indices, carcass characteristics and thermal stress of broilers during the hot season was assessed by this study. 180 day-old broiler chicks were distributed into 5 treatments labeled T1, T2, T3 and T4 randomly. Replicated three times, each treatment had 36 birds while 12 birds were allotted to each replicate. The treatments were as follows: T1 (control: 0 g of betaine/kg feed); T2 (1 g of betaine/kg feed); T3 (2 g of betaine/kg feed); T4 (3 g of betaine/kg feed); and T5 (4 g of betaine/kg feed). The birds were placed on these diets for 10 weeks. From the findings, it was found that the growth parameters were not different, with no significant (p>0.05) changes in the weights of the primal cuts when compared with the birds on the control diet. At weeks 7 to 10, there was a decrease in the panting rate of the broilers as betaine level increased, implying that the addition of betaine in the broiler diets lowered their thermal stress. In weeks 3 to 10, the rectal temperatures were not different apart from week 8 which was affected significantly. From these results, it is evident that commercially produced betaine HCL administered at 2g/kg diet can enhance broiler chicken performance during the hot season.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oladimeji, Tosin S., Ogunlade, Jacob T., Olatundun, Bukola E., Jimoh, Olatunji A., Kayode, Yetunde, Tadobo, Oluwagbenga, Omotosho, Boluwaji, Kareem, Abiola, Anerunoye, Folake, Ojo, Oluwafemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Trematode Infections and Histopathological Effects in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus from the Polluted Andoni River, Niger Delta, Nigeria
This study evaluated the prevalence, histopathological effects, and environmental drivers of trematode metacercariae in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus from the Andoni River in the Nigerian Niger Delta. One hundred specimens were examined for parasitic cysts and associated tissue pathology, while physicochemical parameters of water samples from fish landing sites were analyzed following American Public Health Association protocols. The results revealed a 74% prevalence of infection, with metacercariae predominantly located in the gills, intestines, and muscle tissues. Infected fish exhibited significant histopathological alterations, including lamellar fusion, mucosal necrosis, goblet cell hyperplasia, myofibre degeneration, and fibrotic encapsulation. The condition factor was significantly lower in infected individuals, indicating impaired physiological status. Water quality analysis showed elevated concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, BOD₅, and turbidity, all of which were positively correlated with parasite prevalence. To our knowledge, this is the first documented assessment in the Niger Delta that integrates prevalence, histopathological alterations, and quantified environmental drivers of trematode infection in C. nigrodigitatus, offering an ecological and public health perspective rarely addressed in African inland fisheries research. These findings highlight the role of environmental stressors in promoting parasitic infections, and underscore the value of fish health indicators for monitoring aquatic ecosystem integrity and zoonotic risk in fish-consuming communities. Consequently, consumption of C. nigrodigitatus from the Andoni River may pose public health concerns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Okpoji, Awajiiroijana U., Ndubuisi, Juliana O., Eboh-Ajoku, Irene O., Emem, Justina A., Ekwere, Ifiok O., Alaekwe, Ikenna O., Odibo, Ukachi E., Igwegbe, Kelvin C., Onoja, Clement R., Warder, Amaminor B., InyangAbia, Abigail J. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenotypic Analysis and Characterization Methods for Transgenic Setaria viridis: From Morphology to Molecular Markers: A Comprehensive Review
Setaria viridis (green foxtail) has become a principal C4 model for functional genomics and translational crop research because its short life cycle and reliable transformation protocols enable rapid production of transgenic lines. Linking those genotypes to traits, however, demands a multilayered phenotypization strategy. This narrative review synthesizes current approaches that span traditional morphology, developmental staging, and precision measurement of vegetative and reproductive traits. It describes frameworks for assessing physiological performance, such as gas-exchange assays and chlorophyll-fluorescence imaging, that translate genetic changes into functional outcomes. Recent advances in automated, high-throughput phenotyping platforms are outlined, illustrating how time-series imaging accelerates large-scale trait discovery. The review also examines experimental designs for evaluating abiotic-stress responses, highlights biochemical assays and metabolite-profiling techniques that reveal underlying metabolic adjustments, and details molecular-marker systems that couple genotype with phenotype. By integrating these complementary methods, researchers can build comprehensive genotype–phenotype maps in S. viridis, thereby streamlining gene validation and informing next-generation plant-biotechnology applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chinechendo N. Eze, Richmore Chiamaka Ibeh, Juwon I. Hassan, Samuel Osabutey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managing Black Sigatoka in Cavendish Bananas: Effects of Pyrimethanil, Spiroxamine, and Mancozeb Using The Single-Leaf Method
This study investigates the effects of various fungicidal treatments on banana crops, focusing on crop injury (phytotoxicity) and disease control efficacy against Banana Sigatoka. The treatments under consideration are Pyrimethanil 600 SC, Spiroxamine 500 SC, Mancozeb 600 OS, the mentioned fungicides mixed with oil and emulsifier, and a control received to treatments. The crop injury/phytotoxicity ratings were determined at different times at 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23 days after treatment application. No phytotoxicity symptoms were observed on the plants receiving the different treatments with the average value being 00% injury. The untreated control also did not record any injury. In terms of disease control, Mancozeb 600 OS alone (Treatment 3) proved most effective, significantly delaying disease progression, with the highest average leaf positions at disease appearance across all stages and maintaining superior disease control percentages throughout the study period. Combined treatments with Mancozeb and either Pyrimethanil or Spiroxamine also demonstrated strong efficacy, albeit slightly lower than Mancozeb alone. Pyrimethanil and Spiroxamine alone provided moderate control, effective initially but diminishing over time. The untreated control exhibited rapid disease progression, underscoring the necessity of fungicidal intervention. The findings support the safety and efficacy of the tested fungicides for managing Banana Sigatoka. Mancozeb-based treatments, particularly when combined with other fungicides, offer the most robust disease control and should be prioritized in integrated disease management programs to maintain plant health and maximize yield.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jojine S. Cobrado, Alminda M. Fernandez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Seaweed Extract and Trichoderma Fungus on Some Traits of Lettuce
The study was conducted in the Horticulture Department field located in the Tourist Forest area during the 2024–2025 growing season. It involved three factors: Factor 1: Seaweed Extract (Stimax Nature) Applied in three concentrations: 0 ml L⁻¹ (control), 5 ml L⁻¹ and 10 ml L⁻¹ Factor 2: Trichoderma Fungus (Trichoderma asperellum) Applied at three levels: No fungus (control), 1 g plant⁻¹ and 2 g plant⁻¹. The fungus was added to the planting hole 10 days before transplanting. Seedlings were then transplanted with the fungus placed beneath the root system of each plant. Factor 3: Lettuce Cultivars>This factor included two imported lettuce cultivars: ‘Nader’ and ‘Fajr’. The experiment included 18 treatments (3 × 3 × 2) in three replicates and was conducted as a field factorial experiment using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Treatments were randomly distributed according to the experimental design. The data were statistically analyzed, and treatment means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a significance level of ≤ 0.05. The study demonstrates that seaweed extract and Trichoderma fungus can positively influence important lettuce traits, providing a viable pathway for eco-friendly horticultural enhancement, improved productivity, and more sustainable agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marwa Khazal, Fathel F. R. Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Irrigation Levels, Biochar and Cultivars Effects on Soil Physical Properties and Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
A field experiment was undertaken during the 2024–2025 cropping season within the eco-touristic forest site affiliated with the College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, aiming to elucidate the interactive effects of deficit irrigation, biochar soil amendment, and varietal differences on growth and physiological responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The experimental framework was structured as a factorial arrangement embedded within a split-plot system under a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Main plots were assigned to two distinct cultivars of imported lettuce (Rama and Nader), while sub-plots were factorial arranged to accommodate three irrigation regimes 50%, 75%, and 100% of field capacityand two biochar application levels (0% and 0.5% w/w). Biochar, produced from a designated biomass feedstock, was incorporated into the soil matrix during the pre-transplantation phase. The experimental matrix comprised 12 treatment combinations (3 irrigation × 2 biochar × 2 cultivars) replicated thrice, yielding a total of 36 experimental units. Statistical evaluations were conducted following the prescribed design structure, and mean comparisons were executed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a 5% probability threshold (p ≤ 0.05). The results demonstrated that biochar application at 0.5% significantly enhanced several soil physical indices, notably increasing the liquid limit, plastic limit, mean weight diameter (MWD), and aggregate stability. Parallel improvements were recorded in physiological traits, including elevated leaf chlorophyll concentrations, increased dry matter accumulation. Additionally, irrigation regimes set at 75% and 100% of field capacity consistently outperformed the 50% level in all measured vegetative and physiological traits. Notably, the Rama cultivar exhibited superior performance over Nader, particularly in chlorophyll content and plant stature, suggesting inherent genotypic advantages under the tested conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Huda F. S. ALsardar, Fathel F. R. Ibraheem, Ahmed Khairuldeen Abdulsalam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review of the Effects of Salicylic Acid Spray and Sulfur Fertilization on Strawberry Growth and Yield
Salicylic acid (SA) is a non-enzymatic phenolic compound that functions as an endogenous plant hormone. It plays a pivotal role in modulating plant responses under stress conditions by regulating metabolic activities, maintaining osmotic balance, promoting stomatal closure, and reducing transpiration and ethylene production. Additionally, SA enhances the activity of antioxidant systems, facilitates ion uptake, and increases the accumulation of insoluble sugars by inhibiting glucokinase activity. It also stimulates certain defense-related enzymes, strengthens plant resistance against fungal pathogens, and induces structural modifications in leaves and chloroplasts. These physiological changes collectively contribute to improved plant growth, higher yields, and better fruit quality. Sulfur (S), classified as a macronutrient, is essential for plant development due to its role in synthesizing sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine, cysteine, and cystine, which together constitute approximately 90% of sulfur content in plant tissues. Sulfur is also required for the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, a critical component in the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, and intermediates of the citric acid cycle. Moreover, it is vital for chlorophyll formation and is a structural component of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) proteins within chloroplasts, including ferredoxin. In calcareous soils, where pH levels are typically ≥ 7.2, sulfur application effectively lowers soil pH, thereby enhancing the availability of micronutrients that are crucial for optimal plant growth and development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jassim M. A. Al-A'areji, Ahmed T. Al-Abbasi, Yusra M. Shalih (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth Response of Two Broccoli Varieties to Zinc Sulfate Spray and Potassium Sulfate Soil Application
The experiment was carried out in the Mosul Forest Area field of the College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, during autumn 2024 and winter 2025, to study the response of the vegetative growth characteristics of two varieties of broccoli (Naxos, Blue Finn) to the effect of three concentrations of zinc sulfate (0, 500,750 mg.L-1) and three levels of potassium sulfate (0,200,400 ton.h-1). The experiment was carried out in the field using a factorial experiment within split plots in the design of complete random segments (RCBD) with three replicates, where the varieties were placed in the main plots and the compatibility between the fertilization treatments by zinc and potassium sulfate in the secondary plots (Sub plots) was repeated for each treatment three times. The study showed that plants of the Blue Finn variety achieved the highest leaf chlorophyll content when sprayed with 750 mg. liter-1 of zinc sulphate and add 200 ton.h-1 potassium sulfate reached 8.8467 mg. ml-1 suspension, and the highest plant height reached 78.893 cm.plant-1 when sprayed with zinc sulphate at a concentration of 750 mg.L-1 and adding potassium sulfate at the level of 200 ton.h-1 highest number of leaves with 21.997 leave.Plant-1 When not spraying zinc sulphate and adding 200 ton.h-1 Potassium sulphate The highest significant value of the foliar area reached 48179 cm2.Plant-1 when not spraying zinc sulphate and adding 400 ton. h-1 of potassium sulfate. Plants of the Naxos variety achieved the highest percentage of dry matter in the leaves when sprayed with 750 mg liter-1 of zinc sulphate and 400 ton.h-1 of potassium sulphate amounted to 14.4533%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Musa A. K., Ragheed M. Hamza Alsultan, Fathel F. R. Ibraheem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bridging Policy and Practice: Organic Agriculture Program Implementation in Selected Local Government Units of Northern Mindanao, Philippines
This study evaluates the extent of implementation of the Organic Agriculture (OA) Program in the selected local governments in Northern Mindanao Philippines, focusing on six core components: institutional development and strengthening with results-based monitoring and evaluation, research and development, extension and capacity building, production and post-production support, market development, and regulatory services. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches in analyzing the gathered data. The quantitative design employed mean and standard deviation as statistical tools. In contrast, the qualitative design was limited to document analysis of readily available administrative reports from the LGUs’ participants in Northern Mindanao, Philippines. Some key findings include the need to strengthen partnerships for marketing and consolidating organic products through the provision of dedicated market spaces for these products in public markets. The research and development component revealed moderate execution and limited participation from both farmers and implementers. In addition, though extension networks emerged as a relative strength, robust local research network remains a gap. Overall, the program demonstrates adequate institutional support and extension services but requires enhanced research and development collaboration, as well as stronger market integration, to fully realize its potential for sustainable organic agriculture development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rajane R. Paurom, Yammie P. Daud (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Taxonomic Investigations of Freshwater Cyanobacterial Flora in Benghazi with Newly Documented Species from Libya
A comprehensive survey of 400 freshwater samples was performed in and around Benghazi, Libya, for taxonomic study of Cyanobacteria at the species level. Samples were collected from different water sites and resources: ponds, rain ponds, sewage ponds, artificial lakes, manmade reservoirs, water tanks, wet soils, and wet walls. During the period between February 2023 and January 2025, samples were randomly collected and preserved by 4% formalin. A total of 55 species belonging to 31 genera, 17 families, and 10 orders of cyanobacteria were recorded, and 44 species are newly reported in Libya. The documentation of 44 species newly reported in Libya significantly expands the known cyanobacterial flora of the country and emphasizes the importance of continued taxonomic exploration in understudied regions. These findings not only contribute valuable data to the field of microbial taxonomy but also provide a foundation for future ecological and biotechnological research involving cyanobacteria in Libya more broadly.
Copyright (c) 2025 Munay A. Alteerah, Jumana A. M. El-orofy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Entomology Club as a Didactic Strategy to Foster Environmental Awareness Among CETAC No. 22 Students
This research describes the development and implementation of the teaching strategy called Entomology Club at the Center for Technological Studies in Continental Waters No. 22, located in Ejido Faja de Oro, Cacahoatán, Chiapas, Mexico, since it is inception in 2022 until this year; the methodological processes and the different activities are detailed, as well as the achievements made in these 2 years. The impact for this club had on the curricular and extracurricular processes within the educational institution, and in the community, is highlighted, in terms of the recognition, protection and preservation of the particular environmental surroundings of CETAC No. 22.
Copyright (c) 2025 Montejo-López René, López-Tirado Liliana, Estrada-Damián Gema B., Montejo-Hernández Naara J., Mendoza-Cruz Victoria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating the Impact of Gut Microbiome Variability on the Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotic Drugs: Systematic Review
There is a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and viruses in the gut microbiome living in the digestive system. Over the past decade, more people have acknowledged that the microbiome plays a role in human health, especially how drugs are processed by the body. Because antibiotics are commonly given for bacterial infections, their functioning can be guided by the microbiome. Presence of the gut microbes can impact how a drug is processed and leaves the body, which may contribute to differences in how drugs act, cause side effects, and can be harmful. So far, researchers have discovered only a few ways in which variations in gut microbiome can impact how the body absorbs antibiotics. Overall, review identified 124 scientific studies. Rounding up, 45 studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were assessed to check for possible biases Researches focused on how the gut microbiome affects the way antibiotic drugs work in people, animals, and laboratory settings. Antibiotic studies that measure parameters such as uptake, breakdown, and removal from the body included in this study. This study summarizes recent studies on the topic and shows how changes in microbiome can change the effects of antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarhan Rashid, Israa Jwad Jaber, Asmaa Khadhim Chafla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Nutrient Management of Hybrid Glutinous Corn Using Double Row Planting Technology
This study was designed to determine the optimal nutrient management strategy for hybrid glutinous corn cultivated using the double-row planting method. Six treatments mixing organic and inorganic fertilizers with various foliar inputs were studied at Villa Cruz, San Mateo, Isabela, from August 15 to October 25, 2023. The treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Among the treatments, the combination of half the recommended rate (½ RR) of inorganic fertilizer, 3 tons per hectare of vermicast, and Power Grow Foliar (T4) showed the most potential. T4 yielded the heaviest corn ears, the highest green corn production at 10.3 tonnes per hectare, and the largest ear diameter, both with and without husk. With a return on investment of 330.96%, it had the highest performance. The findings indicate that incorporating double-row planting with a balanced application of organic and inorganic inputs can substantially enhance the profitability and productivity of hybrid corn production. The study promotes future research to verify the success of this nutrient management approach in several environments and recommends acceptance of it.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ferdinand Cabantac (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of Pinching and Spraying Amino Acid on the Vegetative and Flowering Growth Attributes of Okra Varieties
The experiment was conducted in the vegetable field of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul during the spring season of 2024 to study the effect of fertilization and spraying with the amino acid Ticamin Max on three okra varieties. The experiment included three factors, the first factor is cutting with two treatments: cutting and no cutting, the second factor is the amino acid Ticamin Max with three concentrations (0, 3, 6) ml L-1, while the third factor is the varieties used in the study: Betra, Sultana, and Clemson. Okra seeds were planted on 4/7/2024. The experiment was carried out according to a split-plot design, where treatments were randomly distributed according to the design used in the experiment, and Duncan’s test was used to compare the averages at a probability level of 5%. Thus, the number of experimental treatments became 18 factorial treatments (2 cutting treatments * 3 concentrations of amino acid * 3 varieties) with 3 replicates. The results showed that cutting treatments and the spray level of 6 ml L-1 were superior in the traits of shoot height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, number of days needed for flowering, and fruit set percentage, while Betra was superior in number of branches and number of days needed for flowering, while Clemson was superior in fruit set percentage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elias Khader Saleh Al-Taie, Amer Abdullah Hussein Al-Jubouri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ameliorative Effects of Mulberry Leaf Extract on Liver Enzymes and Antioxidant Status in Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Mice
Liver is a vital body’s organ which performs various metabolic functions and exposed to multiple harmful conditions that might lead to acute or chronic injuries / disorders. Worldwide, several plants have been utilized in traditional medicine to treatment of different health problems in animals and humans, as they provided several bioactive beneficial compounds. Investigation the effect of acute liver injury in mice on liver enzymes [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and total bilirubin (TB)], serum antioxidants [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)], and lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde (MDA)], with estimation the ameliorative role of mulberry leave extract on these markers. After preparation acetaminophen for induction of acute liver injury and mulberry leaf extract for amelioration; a total of 32 male BALB/C mice were purchased, transported, acclimated for one week, fasted for 12 hours, and divided equally to four study groups including PCG (mice neither injected acetaminophen nor drenched the extract), PCG (mice injected acetaminophen but not drenched the extract), ELE (mice injected acetaminophen and drenched a low dose of extract), EHE (mice were injected acetaminophen and drenched a high dose of the extract). After 48 hours, all study animals were euthanized, blood sampled, and the obtained sera were examined by quantitative ELISA. For liver enzymes, values of ALP, ALT, AST, TB and LDH were reduced significantly in ELE and more obviously in EHE when compared to value of PCG. However, the findings of treated groups remain higher than the values of NCG. Regarding the antioxidants, the findings of CAT, GSH-Px and SOD were elevated significantly in mice of ELE and more obviously in those of EHE when compared to result of PCG. However, values of PCG and both treated groups were significantly lower than identified in NCG. Concerning the lipid peroxidation, the findings of MDA were reduced in mice of both treated groups; ELE and EHE when compared to values of PCG; however, values of both treated groups remain significantly higher than those of NCG. Since our study might represent the first Iraqi one insight hepatoprotective role of mulberry leaf extract in experimentally induced acute liver injury, suggesting the importance of furthermore studies for other parts of mulberry or extracts of other plants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sama A. F. ALRubaie, Rehab A. A. Alhamashi, Noor Majeed Abdulhasan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Incidence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Animals at Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq
Cystic echinococcosis, is an infection caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus, which infect a wide range of domestic and wild animals in addition to humans. Estimation the prevalence rate of echinococcosis among different slaughtered animals, and their organs with evaluation the association of infection to a number of risk factors (age and sex). An overall 4529 animals including buffaloes (no = 142), cattle (no = 1877), camels (no = 29), goats (no = 306), and sheep (no = 2175) slaughtered at different official and private slaughterhouses located in Al-Diwaniyah (Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq) were examined grossly to identify the presence of echinococcosis. The total prevalence rate of cystic echinococcosis was 0.93%, which differed insignificantly among study animals: buffalo (2.11%), cattle (1.17%), goats (0.33%), and sheep (0.74%), but not in camels (0%). However, buffaloes and cattle were significantly at higher risk of infection than others. In concerning to body organs, cystic echinococcosis was seen significantly in the liver but decreased significantly in the spleen and brain when compared to the lung and mesentery. Regarding age, the prevalence rate of cystic echinococcosis was significantly higher in animals aged ≥9 years old (18.75%) than in those of ≤ 1 (0.05%), 2-4 (0.24%), and 5-8 (3.7%) years old. Whilst the risks of infection were elevated significantly in infected animals aged ≥ 9 followed by 5-8 years, but reduced in those aged 2-4 and ≤ 1 year old. Although insignificant differences were recorded in the prevalence rate of cystic echinococcosis between females (1.34%) and males (0.24%), females were significantly at higher risk of infection than males. Sheep may undoubtedly play a significant part in the maintenance of the E. granulosus life cycle in the studied locations, given that cattle have a greater prevalence and risk of contracting cystic echinococcosis than other species. Thus, the safe removal of contaminated offal, particularly from sheep and cattle, would greatly lessen the spread of cysts from slaughterhouses to possible hosts in this area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ola A. Aggar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bacteriological Contamination in Indoor Swimming Pools: Prevalence and Pathogen Identification in Wasit, Iraq
Since tainted water may spread a number of waterborne illnesses, water quality is an important consideration in preserving public health. The pollution of swimming pools, a common characteristic of recreational facilities, especially in the warmer months, is one of the main issues. The purpose of the research was to find out how often bacterial contamination was in indoor swimming pool settings and water. During June and July of 2024, a total of 100 swab samples were gathered evenly from the water, pool ladders, pool margins, and changing areas of several swimming pools in Wasit province, Iraq. Following their independent cultivation on three different medium (Blood Agar, Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, and MacConkey Agar), the swabs were purified and identified using biochemical testing and morphological traits. In all, 37% of swab samples included different types of bacteria, which were detected in water (12%), pool ladders (44%), changing rooms (36%), and pool margins (56%). Following that, 68 (37.99%), 39 (21.79%), 45 (25.14%), and 27 (15.08%) bacterial isolates were found in water, changing areas, pool borders, and pool ladders, respectively. Twelve bacterial species were found in changing rooms, however Escherichia coli and Klepsellia aerogenes were the most important. Eleven bacterial species were identified in pool borders; notable increases were seen in Vibrio cholera, Aeromonus hydrophila, Escherichia coli, and Klepsellia pneumonia. Ten bacterial species, including Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli, and Klepsellia pneumonia, were identified in relation to the pool ladders. Along with Vibrio cholera, Aeromonus hydrophila, Pseodomonus argenosa, Proteus mirabrillis, and, less significantly, Klepsellia pneumonia, Acintopacter baumannii, Klepsellia aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Anteropacter cloacae, Citropecter frndii, Edwardsiella tarda, and Serratia liquefaciens, 15 species of bacteria were identified in relation to water. According to the current study’s findings, swimming pools are a source of diverse bacteria that swimmers may get, leading to a variety of diseases, including skin infections. Therefore, in order to reduce the danger of bacterial contamination in swimming pools, we recommended the adoption of thorough water quality monitoring programs, the use of cutting-edge diagnostic tools to detect and track possible pathogens, and the use of efficient disinfection tactics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahraa N. K. Al Aboudi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence Rate of Bacterial Infections in Urogenital Tract of Adult Goats, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics
This study conducted to identify the prevalence rate of pathogenic bacteria in urogenital tract of adult female goats including non-previously kidding and those kidding at least one time. Also, detection of bacterial species and their susceptibility to various antibiotics was aimed. Totally, 148 vaginal swab samples were collected from the adult female goats; 74 from non-kidding and 74 from kidding goats. In laboratory, various culture media and biochemical tests were used to cultivation and differentiation of bacterial isolates based on their colonies’ morphology and reaction. Then, the Kirby-Bauer method was applied to test the susceptibility of the obtained bacterial species towards the applied antibiotics. Totally, the prevalence rate of bacterial infections among the study goats was 64.19%, in which, prevalence rate was significantly higher in non-kidding (78.38%) than kidding (50%) goats. The results of culture and biochemical tests showed the presence of Escherichia coli (30.53%), Proteus mirabilis (23.16%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.74%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.53%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (11.58%), and Staphylococcus aureus (9.47%). Significantly, the findings of antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the study bacterial isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin, Amikacin, Ampicillin, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime and Cefepime; while intermediate resistance was identified with Gentamicin. However, significant sensitivity was recorded to Colisitin, Nitofurantion, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacillin, Ofloxacine, Imipenem, Meropenem, Levofloxacine, and Nalidixic acid. In conclusion, the study indicates the high prevalence rate of bacterial infections in study animals, in particular non-kidding goats, with high incidence of resistance to different antibiotics. Therefore, furthermore studies using the advanced molecular diagnostic assays are of great importance to determine the epidemiology and presence of genes responsible on resistance of various bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hala S. R. AL-Taee, Mohammed H. M. Merah, Baidaa H. R. Al-Mahna, Hasanain A. J. Gharban (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Fungi Associated with Fish Cultivation Using Traditional Microscopy
Over the last ten years, fish ponds have become more and more popular in Iraq as a vital source of protein for human health. However, water pollution poses a major risk to aquaculture systems and may result in significant financial losses. The study aims to identify the primary fungal pathogens in fish ponds in several Wasit province (Iraq) locations using traditional methods. In Wasit province (Iraq), 37 fish ponds spread throughout five major locations (Al-Kut, Al-Suwaira, Al-Aziziyah, Al-Numaniyah, and Al-Hay) were the sites of an equal collection of 148 water samples in June and July of 2024. Following filtering, all samples were cultivated on three distinct media: Potato Dextrose Agar, Malt Extract Agar, and Sabouraud Cycloheximide Chloramphenicol Agar. The resulting fungal isolate colonies were then purified and described both visually and microscopically. Overall, 83.78% of fish ponds and 75.68% of water samples were found to be infected with at least one fungus. Regarding the study areas, there was a significant increase in fungal contamination of water samples in Al-Hay and a significant decrease in Al-Numaniyah and Al-Suwaira. In contrast, there were significant increases in fungal contamination in the study areas' fish ponds in Al-Aziziyah, Al-Numaniyah, Al-Hay, and Al-Kut, but a decrease in Al-Suwaira. Additionally, a total of 12 different species and genera were found in the study samples, which included 382 fungal colonies. In comparison to the values of other fungal colonies, such as Cladosporium sp., Rhizopus stolonifer, Microsporium cani, Fusarium solani, Candida albicans, and Alternaria alternate, there were notable increases in Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. and significant decreases in Trichophyton mentagrophytres, Helminthosporium sp., Mucor sp., and Trichoderma sp. Fungal colonies were found to have significantly increased in Al-Kut and decreased in Al-Aziziyah among the studied locations. The proportion of fungal colonies in each location increased significantly: Fusarium solani and Microsporium cani in Al-Hay; Alternaria alternate in Al-Suwaira; Trichophyton mentagrophytres in Al-Aziziyah; Trichoderma sp. in Al-Numaniyah; and Helminthosporium sp. in Al-Kut. Our research showed that there appeared to be fungal contamination in fish ponds in Wasit province, indicating the significance of national studies to look into and manage fungal contamination and its diseases in order to guarantee the aquaculture production industry's continued high-quality fish growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Duaa R. M. Al-Safi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Yield Performance of Improved Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) Varieties Under Rain-Fed Conditions in Golohajo, Gursum District, Fafan Zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple cereal crop in Ethiopia, yet production remains constrained by limited access to improved varieties, particularly in the Somali Region’s lowlands. To address this gap, a field experiment was conducted during the 2023 cropping season in Gursum Woreda, Somali Region, Ethiopia, to evaluate the agronomic performance of four hybrid maize varieties (MH141, Melkassa-2, BH520, and BH549). The trial followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, with data collected on phenology, growth, yield, and yield components. Statistical analysis (GenStat 18th edition) revealed significant varietal differences in most traits, except days to maturity and ears per plant. BH-520 achieved the highest grain yield (8.95 t/ha), outperforming other varieties, while BH-149 exhibited the longest tasseling and silking periods. The results demonstrate BH-520’s superior adaptability and productivity under local conditions, suggesting its potential for scaling alongside improved agronomic practices to enhance maize production in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdi Husen Meydane, Mohamed Abdirahman Ismael (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Haematological Indices of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Juvenile Exposed to DDVP (Dichlorvos) Insecticide
This study investigated the impact of DDVP (Dichlorvos) insecticide on the hematological indices and mortality rates of juvenile Clarias gariepinus exposed to various concentrations of DDVP. Juvenile African catfish were procured and acclimated for two weeks in dechlorinated water under natural conditions. A total of 150 fish were randomly allocated into five treatment groups (T1-T5) in triplicate, each containing 10 fishes, and exposed to various concentrations of DDVP based on a 96-hour LC50 of 0.00056 ml/L. The experimental groups included T1 (control, 0.00000 ml/L), T2 (0.000112 ml/L), T3 (0.000224 ml/L), T4 (0.000336 ml/L), and T5 (0.000448 ml/L). Temperature and pH of experimental water were monitored daily. Fish mortality was assessed at multiple time points throughout the experiment, with dead fish removed promptly to prevent oxygen depletion. Hematological analysis was performed by collecting blood samples through caudal ablation. Results showed that mortality rates were significantly higher in the highest concentrations (T4: 85.00 ± 7.07% and T5: 100.00 ± 0.00%) compared to lower concentrations (T1: 0.00 ± 0.00%, T2: 15.00 ± 7.07%, T3: 20.00 ± 14.14%) (p < 0.05). T5 exhibited the highest mortality rate among all treatments. Hematological analysis revealed significant alterations in the blood parameters of C. gariepinus exposed to DDVP. The packed cell volume (PCV) was notably reduced in the T3 group (20.33%) compared to other groups, suggesting adverse effects on erythropoiesis. The red blood cell (RBC) count was lowest in T2 (2.00 ± 0.00 × 10^6/L), correlating with decreased PCV, indicating potential anaemia or reduced red blood cell production. The white blood cell (WBC) count was markedly increased in T2 (4.03 ± 0.06 × 10^9/L), suggesting an inflammatory or stress response. This study highlights the detrimental effects of DDVP on the health and blood parameters of Catfish, with higher concentrations leading to increased mortality and significant hematological disturbances.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raimi, C. O., Balogun, A. T., Ajibare A. O. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0