Journal of Exceptional Multidisciplinary Research
The Journal of Exceptional Multidisciplinary Research (JEMR) is a peer-reviewed and open access journal. It aims to expand the thoughts of researchers globally in the vast fields of Science, Engineering, Technology, Biology, Business, Economics, Arts, Human Science, Social Science etc.
Intercultural Communication in English: Language, Culture, and Miscommunication
This narrative review brings together the latest studies regarding how language, culture, and difficulties in understanding each other interact in intercultural communication that uses English as the global medium. Drawing on models such as Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC), cultural dimension theories, and negotiation frameworks, the review identifies three major insights: (1) intercultural communication is shaped by fluid cultural identities rather than fixed national norms; (2) English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) promotes mutual intelligibility and identity negotiation, challenging native-speaker–centric paradigms; and (3) miscommunication often arises from cultural assumptions, unequal power dynamics, and limited intercultural awareness but can be mitigated through adaptive strategies and targeted pedagogies. Across educational, professional, and industry settings including aviation, hospitality, and multicultural workplaces, the findings emphasize the need for flexible, context-responsive intercultural competence. Ultimately, the review argues that effective intercultural communication in English requires embracing cultural fluidity and fostering reflexive, inclusive practices that support meaningful understanding across global contexts.
Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC)
Copyright (c) 2025 Marites Binay (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Resilience and Love: A Phenomenological Study on the Parenting Experiences of Mothers with Physical Disabilities in the Northern Philippines
This research investigated the experiences of parents who have physical disabilities in raising children, emphasizing difficulties, coping strategies, and the core aspects of parenting using a qualitative method. Despite multiple studies relevant to the topic, to the best of my knowledge, no other work has explored this specific subject in the Philippines, particularly in Mountain Province. To address this, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with seven mothers residing in the town of Poblacion, Tadian, Mountain Province (Philippines). The analysis of the data was conducted through thematic analysis. The analysis identified six themes that surfaced among parents who have physical disabilities. These themes address two challenges, including nurturing care: financial instability and child safety; discipline: tough love and gentle love; two coping mechanisms, incorporating unconditional love and mothers’ supporters; and the two themes of the essence of parenting with physical disabilities, promoting child well-being, and self-love: unique and empowered. The results emphasized parenting with physical disabilities during everyday interactions with their children, revealing that despite their limitations, the mothers exhibited resilience, flexibility, and commitment in meeting parental duties and obligations. The physical disability did not impede effective parenting and encouraged parents to develop enhanced opportunities for both themselves and their children, cultivating a sense of purpose, significance, and robust connections within the family through a consistently upheld strong framework of discipline, affection within the family, and support in overcoming challenges. A significant result of this research indicates that parenting requires support from the government and other organizations to foster acceptance of individuality and strengthen parent-child bonds, which will assist in societal integration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rhoda Diwayan Aguid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Study of Religion: The Mother of All Subjects
Although it is frequently marginalised in contemporary academic discourse, religion is actually the origin of many fundamental topics that influence modern civilisation. This essay compares and contrasts various academic fields, such as philosophy, science, art, law, ethics, and education, in order to examine religion’s function as the “mother of all subjects.” The study, which draws from a variety of religious traditions and academic viewpoints, reframes religion as the foundation for intellectual inquiry rather than as a holdover from the past. It illustrates how religious thought gave rise to systemic frameworks of knowledge and continues to influence modern human understanding through a multidisciplinary approach.
Copyright (c) 2025 Osagie Sylvester Aimiehinor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Qualitative Inquiry into the Determinants of Criminal Involvement Among Children in Conflict with the Law in Koronadal City, Philippines
The study focused on determining the lived experiences of the CICLs before they committed a crime, and their reason in committing the crimes they are facing. The Key Informant Interview (KII) was conducted to the CICLs committed at Bahay Pag-asa in Koronadal City with the 14 CICLs, a social worker in charge, and Bahay Pag-asa In-Charge as participants. Despite the existence of RA 9344 and community-based interventions, there remains a lack of in-depth qualitative understanding of the personal and social circumstances that push CICLs into criminal involvement, particularly within the context of Koronadal City. The data gathered were subjected to a thematic analysis following the Clarke and Braun’s Thematic Analysis (2006). The results revealed that CICLs before they committed juvenile crimes were children who came from broken families, raised by grandparents, or their parents were not involved anymore with their lives, leaving them to live on their own with no proper supervision, emotional support, or moral guidance. These children became at risk and committed crimes, thereby subjecting them to the procedures of the Juvenile Justice System pursuant to RA 9344. The participants revealed that reasons for committing crimes at early age were peer influence, lack of family support and guidance, personal choice, and economic pressures. Given these factors, it was recommended that the BCPC in the community should be strengthened focusing not only on CICLs, but also to Children at Risk.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jacquiline D. Derla, Rene H. Bobon, Nestor S. Cerdana Jr., Jerwin P. Embolode, Jinnifer D. Arroyo, Alvin Q. Romualdo, Eden Grace D. Suriaga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Biblical Concepts of Blood Transfusion: A Religio-Ethical Analysis
Blood transfusion is still a contentious topic in some religious communities, particularly when bioethical principles, medical needs, and religious interpretation are all intertwined. By examining the biblical conception of blood and its sacred nature, particularly in the Judeo-Christian tradition, and the implications of that theological understanding on moral reactions to blood transfusions, this article aims to examine blood: holy and unholy. The article offers a fair religious-ethical assessment by analyzing pertinent scriptural texts, theological viewpoints, and bioethical values from a hermeneutical and ethical standpoint. Although the Bible makes it clear that blood is sacred, the paper makes the argument that this does not necessitate a complete prohibition on life-saving medical practices like blood transfusions because of how the core theological ideas of compassion, healing, and life preservation are interpreted.
Gender and Sexuality on Sexual Consciousness of Diseases and Mental Health Among Ghanaians
The study investigates the interplay between gender, sexuality, and sexual awareness of diseases and mental health among Ghanaians, focusing on sexual orientations, disease awareness, and mental health management strategies. Key objectives include assessing sexual consciousness levels, examining the influence of gender and sexuality on sexual health education, and identifying implications for public health interventions. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative data from 145 respondents via an online survey. Findings reveal a marginal association between sexual orientation and mental health issues, yet no significant differences in disease awareness across sexual orientations. However, the research underscores the challenges faced by non-heterosexual individuals in accessing sexual healthcare and mental health services. Individuals identifying as homosexual are found to be more prone to sexual abuse compared to other orientations. These insights are valuable for healthcare professionals and mental health service providers, emphasising the need for tailored diagnostics and policies. The study highlights the critical importance of targeted public health interventions that cater to the unique needs of diverse genders and sexual identities. The findings highlight important implications for public health interventions and the need for targeted initiatives that address the unique needs and challenges of different genders and sexual identities.
Copyright (c) 2025 John Abbam Nyarko (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teaching Academic Writing in English to ESL/EFL Learners in Higher Education: A Systematic Review of Strategies and Challenges
This synthesis details the difficulties and teaching techniques used for academic writing in English among ESL/EFL learners in higher education. Studies conducted from 2010 to 2024 were identified from comprehensive collections in databases (Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar) and grey literature resources, such as institutional repositories. Adhering to the PRISMA framework, 27 studies were assessed qualitatively. Data were extracted on participant demographics, contexts, research designs, main outcomes, and proposed interventions within each of the linguistic, cognitive, affective, institutional, and technological categories. The findings indicate similar challenges related to vocabulary size, lexical issues, and negative L1 transfers. There are also difficulties in argument formation and source integration. Additionally, the pressure to write independently contributes to writing anxiety, low motivation, and other institutional barriers. Identifying key methods revealed that strategies such as genre-based instruction, collaborative learning, technology integration, and iterative feedback processes are particularly effective. The findings offer valuable insights for educators aiming to develop module-based and multi-method instructional support to enhance ESL/EFL students’ academic writing abilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ma. Divina Esperanzate (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kakistocracy to Afrocentric Governance: Evaluating Lumumba’s Critique of African Leadership Failures
The idea of kakistocracy government by the very worst or most unscrupulous citizens had increasingly become a theme of the political rhetoric of Professor P. L. O. Lumumba, a well-known Pan-African thinker and former Director of the Anti-Corruption Commission of Kenya. The various speeches and writings of Lumumba accused the African states of corrupt, incompetent, and selfish leaders who are mostly irresponsible. He criticized the political elite after independence, said that it dragged the colonial legacy, destroyed the confidence level of the masses and slowed down development. This paper discussed the ideological standpoint by Lumumba on kakistocratic governance and evaluate his promotion of Afrocentric model of governance infused with integrity, cultural dignity, participatory democracy and Pan African unity. In a critical discourse analysis of a sample of public speeches, interviews, and essays of Lumumba between 2010 and 2024, the paper examined the way he positioned the African leadership crisis and the expression of a path to political change. It also questioned philosophical grounds of his Afrocentric propositions, and was based on African humanist thought, Ubuntu, and the post-colonial political theory. The position of the paper is that Lumumba whose rhetoric is forceful and inspiring needs structural transformation into the policy arena, education on leadership, and reforming institutions. This study identified the following as the key findings: Lumumba defined African leadership invariably as kakistocratic leadership that is characterized by corruption, incompetence, and moral decay. His speech makes this issue of leadership crisis to be the biggest obstacle in the development of Africa. Lumumba asserts that leaders with the African values like transparency, service to the community and humility are essential to the rule as leaders should guide the nation with moral considerations and cultural identity. His discourse condemned the persistence of the reliance upon Western models of governance, aid systems and epistemologies. He points out this dependence as one of the causes of continuing underdevelopment in Africa. Lumumba suggests restoration of indigenous systems of power like Ubuntu and participatory leadership and African jurisprudence as a way of re-legitimizing the state power and governance. The one theme that recurs regularly is that there is a pressing need to reclaim the future of Africa by having a renewal of its leadership structure and youth participation in democratic actions in order to become a unified continent. The paper has reached the conclusion that Afrocentric governance based on indigenous knowledge systems, ethical leadership and cross-generational vision can provide an alternative to dysfunctional realities of most African governments today. But this ideal requires not only nurturing, but also a shift of generations to ensure changes in political consciousness, involvement in the civic sphere of activity, and the cooperation between continents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eze, George Ogazi Mani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Juvenile Drug Involvement in Digos City: Profiles, Perceptions of Legal Consequences, and Underlying Causes and Effects
This study aims to determine the profiles and characteristics of the problem, explore how minors perceive the legal consequences of their involvement in drug-related activities, and describe the causes and effects of juvenile drug-related delinquency in Digos City through a qualitative approach. The researchers collected insights through one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with key individuals familiar with the situation. Official records from the Digos City Police Station and local barangay peace and order councils from 2019 to 2024 were thoroughly reviewed to strengthen the findings. Thematic analysis was used to organize and interpret the data. Findings reveal that Zone 1 Digos City was reported to have 2 cases in the year 2022, with school dropout status. This contributes to the commission of other crimes, such as theft, rape, and physical violence, which results to increased fear, violence, and a breakdown in public confidence. The findings also pointed to a concerning gap in legal awareness among minors involved in drug-related incidents in Digos City. Many participants recognized the risk of police apprehension, but their grasp of legal procedures and minors’ rights was limited and inconsistent. Several participants shared that conversations about the law were rarely held at home, reflecting a broader lack of parental guidance and community-level legal education. Based on the problem tree analysis, the root causes of juvenile drug-related delinquency in Digos City include parental absence and weak family monitoring, which reduce emotional support and guidance during critical developmental years. The researchers call for a strengthened, city-wide multi-agency intervention focused on legal literacy, family education, and expanded access to rehabilitation and mental health services. Strengthening the Alternative Learning System (ALS) and offering hands-on skills training for out-of-school youth must be a top agenda. Just as vital are programs that engage young people in sports, sustainable livelihood opportunities, and the creation of discreet and secure channels for reporting delicate or personal concerns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jerwin P. Embolode, Jinnifer D. Arroyo, Alvin Q. Romualdo, Charmae Q. Mejorada, Maria Rowena Ann R. Roa, Orlando C. Udalve (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing and Validating a Multidimensional Framework for SDG Competencies in Higher Education
This study looks at how university students in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) of the Philippines understand and act on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Most students have heard of the SDGs, often through school programs, but awareness alone doesn’t mean they can apply the ideas. A lot of earlier research focused only on what students know or how they feel about the goals. Very little examined whether they could actually think critically, solve problems, or change their behavior in ways that support sustainability. To address this, we created the Multidimensional Sustainable Development Goal Competency Assessment Framework (MSCAF). The framework was designed to assess multidimensional competencies beyond surface-level awareness of the SDGs. The framework looks at how students process information, make decisions, and form habits linked to sustainable living, while also considering the diverse cultures in the region. The instrument was refined in stages through surveys, FGDs, and interviews. The baseline survey involved 400 students, and the instrument demonstrated robust internal consistency (Cronbach’s α range = 0.78–0.91). Construct validity was established via exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFI= 0.95, RMSEA = 0.06). Subsequent qualitative improvement was followed by an intervention study involving 120 students. The study aimed to measure the effects of problem-based learning and action research activities. Finally, the study applied the framework over two school terms to measure how students developed after joining problem-based learning activities and action research projects. The results showed students didn’t just gain more facts—they became better at thinking critically, working across different fields, and choosing behaviors that help their communities and the environment. The study offers both a reliable tool for assessing SDG engagement and a teaching model that helps schools turn awareness into real, lasting change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Warren Mark C. Bermudez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Contextual and Dispositional Factors Influencing Undergraduate Adoption of Online Learning in The University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
This study examined the contextual and dispositional factors that affect and influence both stakeholders (students and lecturers) adoption of the online learning platforms at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria. The challenges associated with regular traditional teaching and learning have been well understood after the problems occasioned by COVID-19, banditry and kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design with a population 4,318 across Faculties in the University. The multi-stage procedure was adopted to sample 287 undergraduate respondents across 2 Faculties of the University. An Instrument titled ‘Contextual and Dispositional Factors Affecting Undergraduate Online Learning Questionnaire’ (CDFAULQ)’r’ =0.88 was used for data collection after validation by experts. The Likert type scale was adopted for the study. The research questions were tested with descriptive statistics while Pearson Product Moment Correlation and multiple regression tested the hypotheses. The findings of the study included that a significant relationship existed between the independent variables Contextual and dispositional factors and the dependent variable online learning platforms. Online learning preferences has a weighted mean of 3.4 (High), contextual factors had a weighted mean of 2.8 considered moderately high while dispositional factors had a weighted mean of 3.7 (High). The relationships showed contextual; r = 0.002: p<0.05, Dispositional; r=0.032; p <0.05. Both factors jointly contributed to the dependent variable R2 = 2.7%. The study recommended institutional continuous investment on the equipment for implementing online learning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Isah Emmanuel A., Obiorah Miracle Ebubechukwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acquisition and Performance in Mathematics Among Criminology Students
This study evaluated the performance of BS Criminology students in their mathematics course at Ifugao State University Potia Campus in terms of competency acquisition, difficulty level, and course performance. Specifically, it aimed to determine the degree of competency acquisition, level of difficulty, and performance in mathematics; analyze the correlation between performance and perceived competency acquisition; examine the relationship between difficulty level and performance; and gather student input for improving instruction. Data were collected from 239 students using descriptive quantitative and qualitative methods, including mean values, grade distribution tests, correlation analysis, and thematic coding. Results revealed that students achieved a high degree of competency acquisition with a mean score of 4.12, experienced a low difficulty level with a mean score of 2.18, and obtained an average performance reflected in a mean grade of 82.45. Performance showed a significant positive correlation with competency acquisition, r = .62, p < .01, and a significant negative correlation with difficulty level, r = −.48, p < .01. Students suggested more interactive lessons, contextualized examples, and additional learning resources. The findings emphasize the need to align instructional strategies with students’ competency levels and address perceived difficulties to improve mathematics learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maribeth Salazar-Lubbong (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ara Aesthetic: Embodying Yoruba Philosophy in the Evolution of Nigerian Art
The Ara aesthetic serves as a powerful cultural lens through which the depth of Yoruba philosophy is conveyed in visual art. Rooted in the Yoruba term Ara, signifying both “body” and “wonder,” this artistic expression positions the human figure as a central symbol for conveying divine essence, social values, and collective identity. Rather than emphasizing realism, Ara art embodies spiritual depth by incorporating metaphysical themes such as “Aṣẹ” (vital spiritual energy), “Orí” (individual destiny), and the inseparable relationship between the physical and the spiritual. It extends across diverse traditional art forms, fulfilling ceremonial, religious, and societal functions. Through its stylized portrayal of the human form, Ara art encodes moral teachings, ancestral heritage, and cosmological principles. This study presents Ara as a conceptual and aesthetic model deeply embedded in Yoruba cultural consciousness, demonstrating its persistent influence and reinvention in contemporary Nigerian artistic practices and identity formations. In the presentation, the paper deploys Art History method of Formal and Contextual Analysis to review four selected Arai paintings, noting that though the two methods appear distinct but they overlap like style and ideology in the discussion of a work of art. The objective is to reveal their relevance to the cultural voice of the Yoruba thought.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ozokeraha, Akpowowo Bensandy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multimodal Reading Program to Aid San Mateo National High School’s Grade 7 Students in Improving Reading Competency
This action research investigated into the extent to which a Multimodal Reading Program helped grade 7 students at San Mateo National High School improve their reading skills, especially during the important switch from Mother-Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) to English instruction. Recent test scores and teacher observations show that students’ reading and writing skills have become significantly more serious since this change. In the context of Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE), the researchers developed a multimodal intervention that focused on technical vocabulary and included text, images, video, and guided reading activities. The study used a pre-test-post-test control group design to see how the intervention affected reading performance, using Phil-IRI tools. The results of the post-test and student surveys show that the multimodal approach made a big difference in students’ reading comprehension, vocabulary retention, and interest in reading. This study backs up what other research has said about the benefits of multimodal learning and gives teachers useful ideas for how to deal with literacy problems in multilingual settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vicky Lyn C. Angub, Joe Cris C. Evangelista, Angelina C. Bacali, Lerma C. Mateo, Shemaiah P. Baawa, Novemn B. Tay-Eo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Predictive Modeling of Occupational Exposure Using Machine Learning and Environmental Sensor Data
Such working environment exposures to harmful elements carry a great risk to workers of different works in different industries especially where they work with chemicals, airborne dusts, physical stresses. Classic exposure assessment approaches —those which tend to inform by manual sampling and past history, are relatively blunt in terms of temporal resolution and lag of response. The use of low-cost environmental sensors and machine learning (ML) techniques provide a paradigm-changing means of predictive modelling of occupational exposure, and will be able to allow real-time risk assessment and pre-emptive hazard mitigation Environmental sensors are able to monitor such things as temperature, humidity, particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and noise levels at all times. These data are able to serve as the basis for the creation of predictive models using ML algorithms that determine the exposure trends, prediction of the high-risk scenarios, and dynamic decision-making Supervised learning models, such as random forests and gradient boosting machines, have demonstrated valid usage in predicting exposure result based on multi-variate sensor input. These days, deep learning methods, including recurrent neural networks (RNNs), have shown better results in dealing with temporal data, and in identifying complex patterns of exposure over time
Copyright (c) 2025 Kimberly Long Holt (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review Using SWOT Analysis of Mendoza, Olfindo, and Poco’s 2040 Reform Vision for Philippine Governance
This review examines Mendoza, Olfindo, and Poco’s framework for Philippine government reform, which identifies challenges like weak institutions and corruption, proposing a phased reform strategy based on the “theory of change.” A SWOT analysis assessed this framework against existing literature, revealing a comprehensive overview and strategic approach but highlighting a lack of robust empirical support as a major weakness. The review considered relevant papers to conduct a comparative analysis, revealing both agreement and disagreement regarding reform pace, governmental roles, and civil society engagement. Areas for improvement include original research, a more rigorous conceptual framework, and deeper sector-specific analysis. Threats to successful implementation include political viability and institutional capacity. Ultimately, the review underscores the need for further empirical research, a more nuanced understanding of civil society’s role, and a more thorough examination of sector-specific issues to enhance the effectiveness of a phased reform approach within the complex Philippine context.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jean B. Mendonez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Influence of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism in Nguyen Dynasty Court Poetry
This article focuses on studying the imprint of three religions in the royal poetry of the Nguyen dynasty from the perspective of content. The research is conducted by surveying the characteristics of three ideological streams reflected through the thematic system and main content of 90 poems belonging to the royal poetry group of the Nguyen dynasty. From there, it clarifies features such as: thes dynasty’s ideals and the cultivation issues of the royal family (influenced by Confucianism); themes of landscape appreciation and liberation tendencies (influenced by Buddhism); as well as aspirations for harmony with nature and transcendence tendencies (influenced by Taoism) in the royal poetry of this period. By combining systematic methods and structural analysis of works from a cultural – historical viewpoint, the article establishes that the three ideological currents of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism profoundly influenced the content of Nguyen dynasty court poetry, expressed through dynastic ideals, liberation tendencies, and harmony with nature, thereby illuminating the value of court literature within the historical-cultural context of medieval Vietnam and opening new research directions for a previously understudied literary domain. The research results may contribute to studies on a topic that has not received due attention relative to its value, such as royal literature in general, serving as a complementary piece and a part of the overall picture of medieval Vietnamese literary studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tran Pham My Nhan, Nguyen Phuoc Bao Khoi, Nguyen Thanh Trung (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solid Waste Management Practices in Gingoog City: An Assessment of Compliance with the Republic Act 9003
The study aimed to assess the compliance of the people of Gingoog City, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, with Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. This descriptive research was conducted at the seven (7) identified barangays in Gingoog City, with 78 residents selected as participants using a purposive sampling technique. A survey was carried out using a self-administered and validated questionnaire with open-ended questions. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (i.e., frequency distribution and percentage). Out of 78 participants, 35 are professionals, 23 are students, and 20 are plain homemakers. The results revealed that 58% of the participants are aware of the existence of RA 9003 and the corresponding penalties thereof if not followed. However, only 26% of the participants said that they are practicing solid waste segregation and disposal properly. Moreover, in terms of the implementation and monitoring system of the law by the government authority, the majority of participants are not satisfied (68%). It implies that the concerned office in the implementation and monitoring of the law or ordinance is not performing diligently its mandated functions. To improve the degree of compliance with the said law, some of the suggestions made by the participants include strict implementation of the penalty should be imposed on those who violate the law; more seminars should be conducted for the residents to increase awareness and the impact of non-compliance to the environment; and there must be a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in every barangay to maintain proper segregation of wastes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mark Anthony A. Catiil, Yammie P. Daud (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managerial Capabilities and Service Quality among Department Heads in the Local Government Unit of Paracelis, Mountain Province, Philippines
Government effectiveness mostly depends on public service leaders and senior civil servants who manage and improve important government functions. They translate political direction into policies and programs to sustain citizens’ economic productivity, safety, and well-being. Thus, this descriptive correlational study aimed to evaluate the managerial capabilities and the quality of service of the Department Heads in the Municipal Local Government Unit (MLGU) of Paracelis, Mountain Province, with 114 rank-and-file employees serving as respondents. Statistical treatments such as weighted mean and Pearson r-correlation were utilized to analyze and interpret the data. Results revealed a “very satisfactory” extent of the general respondent perception of the factors in the management capability of the Department Heads as to flexibility, decisiveness, stress tolerance, interpersonal skills, ingenuity and innovativeness, and communication skills. Similar results were yielded on the respondents’ perception of all the department heads’ quality service in terms of effectiveness and efficiency, responsiveness to the public, professionalism, courtesy, interpersonal skills, and communication skills, which accounted for “very satisfactory.” Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between managerial capabilities and service quality, indicating that stronger leadership competencies contribute to enhanced service delivery in the local government unit. The study highlights the critical role of strong leadership in ensuring high-quality public service. Investing in leadership training, competency development, and governance reforms will enable LGU Paracelis to maintain and improve its administrative efficiency and responsiveness to public needs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jennifer Olya-on Danggalan, James Frederick F. Dulnuan, Roger D. Capua, Client William M. Malinao (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Motif of Vengeful Spirits in Japanese Urban Legends
While urban legends have become increasingly widespread with the development of the Internet, systematic research on urban legends, especially in regions with a prominent urban legend culture like Japan, remains scarce. Aiming to clarify the crucial element of ‘motif’ within narratives, this paper focuses on studying the motif of vengeful spirits in Japanese urban legends. It does so by identifying the characteristics of the vengeful spirit motif in relation to the cultural characteristics of Japanese urban legends and by examining how this motif is artistically expressed through characters, plots, and symbols within urban legends. Employing a combination of three specialized methods – historical–cultural analysis, semiotics, and structural analysis – the study will examine the three key characteristics of the motif: mutability, punishment, and reflection. These characteristics will be analyzed in terms of their corresponding aspects and meanings. The findings of this research can contribute to the theoretical understanding of urban legends, provide a research model for approaching popular culture and literature, and be introduced into undergraduate and graduate foreign literature curricula.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nguyen Thanh Trung, Nguyen Diem Quynh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Electronic Human Resource Management Systems on Human Resource Performance (e-HRM): A Case Study of the Kalumbila Mining Sector
This research analyses the effectiveness of Electronic Human Resource Management Systems (e-HRMS) on human resource performance within the Kalumbila mining sector, motivated by the need for operational efficiency and effective workforce management. The study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of e-HRMS in enhancing HR performance by identifying key performance indicators, examining user satisfaction, and evaluating the contribution of these systems to organizational efficiency and employee engagement. Employing a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were collected through surveys targeting HR personnel and employees utilizing e-HRMS, focusing on metrics such as process efficiency and data accuracy. Qualitative insights were gathered from in-depth interviews with managers and stakeholders, alongside a comparative analysis of HR performance metrics pre- and post-e-HRMS implementation. Preliminary findings indicate that e-HRMS implementation has significantly improved data management and process automation, leading to a reduction in administrative workload and enhanced decision-making capabilities. User satisfaction is notably high, with many employees appreciating easier access to HR services. However, challenges, including system integration issues and the necessity for ongoing training, were identified. These findings suggest that while e-HRMS has the potential to greatly enhance HR performance, continuous support and training are essential to maximize benefits. The implications of this study provide valuable insights for HR professionals and decision-makers in the mining sector, emphasizing the importance of strategic implementation and ongoing evaluation of e-HRMS to achieve optimal results.
Electronic Human Resource Management Systems (e-HRMS)
Copyright (c) 2025 Chilufya Chitambala, Kabubi M. Marvin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Administrative Processes & Online Media Management among Travel Service Enterprises: Pathways to Entrepreneurial Success in Isabela, Philippines
This study examines online media administration and administrative processes in travel service businesses leading to entrepreneurial success in Isabela, Philippines. Specifically, it aims to (1) determine the administrative processes, (2) identify online media management, (3) ascertain tour services, (4) assess entrepreneurial success, and (5) analyze the pathways of administrative processes and online media management in travel services that lead to entrepreneurial success. The study employed a quantitative research approach, and the research instrument was a questionnaire administered to a sample size of 183 employees of travel service enterprises in Isabela, Philippines. Data analysis involved frequency distribution, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and structural equation modeling. Findings revealed that the level of administrative processes, online media management, and tour services among Travel Services as perceived by employees were all rated as high on average. The level of entrepreneurial success was also rated at a high average level. Moreover, the structural model revealed that: Administrative processes had a direct positive influence on entrepreneurial success (path coefficient = 0.425), online media management (path coefficient = 0.931), and travel services (path coefficient = 0.240). Online media management directly influenced entrepreneurial success (path coefficient = 0.271) and travel services (path coefficient = 0.725). Travel services directly influenced entrepreneurial success (path coefficient = 0.298). Administrative processes indirectly influenced entrepreneurial success through online media management (path coefficient = 0.216). Administrative processes indirectly influenced entrepreneurial success through travel services (path coefficient = 0.072). Lastly, Administrative processes indirectly influenced entrepreneurial success through both online media management and travel services (path coefficient = 0.525). These findings provide a model that travel service entrepreneurs can adapt to develop their businesses sustainably, considering the specific characteristics of their operational areas in Isabela, Philippines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Client William M. Malinao, Jelina De Fiesta Corpuz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing the Grade 7 Students’ Mastery of Collocations Through Motor Imaging Technique
This study was conducted to enhance the ability of Filipino Grade 7 learners to master English Collocations using the Motor Imaging technique, implemented in two schools of Ilocos Norte: Pinili National High School (PNHS)-Class A, and Mariano Marcos State University-Laboratory High School-Batac Campus (MMSU-LHS)-Class B, during the second semester in the Academic Year 2023-2024. A total of sixty-five (65) students participated in this study, thirty-four (34) from Pinili National High School and thirty-one (31) from MMSU-LHS Batac Campus. Motor Imaging conceptualized by Manzo and Manzo in 1985 was utilized by this study as an intervention for mastering collocations. It is a technique specifically designed to develop word meanings by using movements related to the key attributes of a word. This intervention is deemed fitting in enhancing the mastery on collocation for Grade 7 students. Authentically, the quantitative results of this study showed that the respondents’ mean score for pre-test is Class A=10.62 or average and Class B=15.35 or average. The post-test results, on the other hand, showed that Class A obtained a mean score of 18 or above average while Class B achieved a mean score of 23.81 or excellent. This numeric data cites an evident improvement in mastering collocations corroborated by qualitative results through pre and post questionnaire and unstructured interviews. Thus, the intervention is effective for this population in mastering collocations. As a result, this study recommends that teachers are encouraged to employ Motor Imaging as a pedagogical strategy as it caters to most of learning styles and substantially engages learners for active participation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Keith Clouie D. Bautista, Johanna Cyra S. Pagtama, Khryzna Lei M. Pajinag, Brian Jireh S. Agarpao, Louie B. Villanueva (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Metadata in Promoting Explainability and Interoperability of AI-based Prediction Models
This systematic literature review delves into the critical role of metadata in enhancing the explainability and interoperability of AI-based prediction models. As AI technologies permeate various sectors, the need for transparent and coherent predictive models becomes increasingly vital. Metadata, which refers to structured information that contextualizes data, serves as a pivotal component in achieving this transparency and coherence. This review synthesizes 50 existing literature to evaluate how different types of metadata—such as descriptive, structural, and administrative metadata—contribute to the understanding and integration of AI models, thereby facilitating better decision-making and trust in AI systems. The review identifies key themes related to the challenges of explainability, including the complexity of AI algorithms and the opacity of model outputs, and discusses how robust metadata frameworks can mitigate these issues by providing essential context and clarity about model decisions. Furthermore, it examines the significance of interoperability in AI applications, highlighting how standardized metadata can enable seamless integration across diverse systems and platforms. The findings underscore the necessity of developing comprehensive metadata strategies to enhance both the interpretability of AI predictions and the compatibility of AI systems across different environments. Ultimately, the review calls for continued research into metadata standards and practices that can promote a more reliable and user-friendly AI landscape.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aminu Adamu Ahmed, Ali Usman Abdullahi, Abdulsalam Ya’u Gital, Abubakar Yusuf Dutse (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants of External Debt and Its Impact on Socio-Economic Life in Nigeria
The research focused on analyzing the factors influencing external debt and its effects on the socio-economic conditions of Nigeria from 1986 to 2021. Data from annual time series were collected from the World Bank Development Indicator (WDI, 2022) and Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (CBN). Variables studied included real gross domestic product, debt service payments, exchange rate, gross domestic savings, trade openness, and misery index used as a proxy for socio-economic status. Stationarity of the variables was tested using the Augmented Deckey Fuller Unit Root Test, showing mixed order of integration me (0) at levels and me (1) at first differences. The Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test indicated no serial correlation in the model, while the Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey Heteroskedasticity test revealed no heteroskedasticity in the residual series. The Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) Bound test confirmed a long-term relationship between external debt determinants and their impact on Nigeria’s socio-economic conditions. The study found that real gross domestic product, exchange rate, and gross domestic savings had a negative impact on the misery index, implying that an increase in these variables would reduce the misery index in Nigeria in the long run. The Error Correction test suggested that 87% of equilibrium errors were corrected annually, pointing to a steady adjustment towards the long-term equilibrium. It was recommended that efforts should be made to stabilize the exchange rate to mitigate inflation and enhance the purchasing power of the naira, ultimately reducing Nigeria’s external debt burden and improving the misery index.
Copyright (c) 2024 Farida Balarabe, Simon Samaila, Micheal Francis, Aminu Adamu Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Empowering Communities: An Analysis of Extension Programs Focusing on Gift-Giving and Free Sim Card Registration in Oriental Mindoro
Embracing the adage Sharing is Caring, Giving is Loving, Mindoro State University (MinSU) exemplifies its dedication to fostering a culture of compassion and generosity within the Mindoro province. This study evaluates the multifaceted extension programs conducted by the College of Computer Studies (CCS) at MinSU Bongabong Campus. Extension activities serve as vital endeavors that bridge academic institutions with communities, addressing diverse needs through initiatives like seminar, gift-giving, and SIM card free registrations. Through qualitative and quantitative analyses, this study evaluates the implementation status of these programs across strategic, social, and service dimensions. Findings underscore the college's commitment to community engagement and excellence, affirming its role as a catalyst for positive change. Recommendations encompass deeper community engagement and expanding collaboration and partnerships with other institutions and stakeholders to address emerging challenges effectively and ensure responsive and comprehensive solutions to community needs.
Copyright (c) 2024 Glenda Pacaul Binay (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Religion and Culture on Political Corruption in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State: A Case Study of 2015 General Elections
This study examines the impact of religion and culture on political corruption in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo State in reference to 2015 general elections. Many local governments in Nigeria lack many developments, social amenities, health facilities, rural development and power supply due to the syndrome of corruption and autonomy independence to control their resources without the state interference due to that scenario, lack of accountability, lack of credible leadership, instability of political and socioeconomic development as take place. Culture and religion as influenced voting patterns of the electorate during the 2015 Presidential general elections. The impacts of corruption on the politics of the country include the crisis of legitimacy, lack of party ideology, weak political institutions; economic underdevelopment and political violence and the role of “Godfatherism” as initiated electoral corruption. Some power brokers with sufficient financial muscles sponsored their anointed godsons for political offices in return for lucrative contracts and spoils of the public treasury looting. They sponsored thugs, bribed the electoral stakeholders, and influenced voters through vote buying and all sorts of electoral manipulation to ensure that their candidates scale through and control power at all levels. The questionnaire and the structured questions formulated by the researchers were given to project supervisor, who criticized and that the instruments are validated, for they were seen measuring what were expected to measure. Findings revealed that a total number of 30 respondents represented (22.3%) candidate’s choice, 27 respondents represented (20.1%) election campaign, 23 respondents represented (17.1%) family background, while 54 respondents represented (40.2%) religious belief. This implies that majority of the respondents in this study agreed that religious belief is the means by which religion and culture influenced the voting pattern of Akinyele Local Government Area in the 2015 general elections. The study recommends that all candidates contesting for any political office must declare their assets publicly to avoid cases of corruption.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adeleke James Kehinde, Bukola Victoria James (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Experiences in Participating in the Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) Program 2022: A Case Study of the Municipality of Cardona
This study explores the experiences, challenges, and recommendations of the Municipality of Cardona in its participation in the Seal of Good Local Governance (SGLG) program. The SGLG evaluation process was found to be meticulous and comprehensive, providing a thorough assessment of the municipality's governance practices. Through the SGLG assessment, the municipality successfully identified its strengths and weaknesses, enabling targeted interventions and continuous improvement in governance. However, the municipality faced challenges during the SGLG participation. Limited financial resources and inadequate training and staffing hindered its ability to meet the SGLG requirements effectively. Additionally, the complex requirements and extensive documentation of the SGLG program demanded significant time and effort, often exceeding available timeframes and affecting the quality of submissions. Balancing regular duties with the additional workload of the SGLG assessment posed time constraints and challenges in managing priorities. To address these challenges, recommendations have been proposed. Enhancing financial resources, investing in capacity building programs, and improving data management systems are crucial to support the municipality's SGLG participation. Allocating dedicated resources and time specifically for the SGLG assessment process is essential to ensure thorough self-assessment, data gathering, and documentation. Furthermore, fostering stakeholder engagement and promoting a culture of continuous improvement will enhance the municipality's governance practices and overall SGLG performance. Implementing these recommendations will strengthen the Municipality of Cardona's participation in the SGLG program, leading to sustainable development and improved services for its constituents.
Copyright (c) 2024 Martin Ceazar Hermocilla (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic Conflicts: Understanding Dynamics, Impacts, and Resolution Strategies
Economic conflicts represent complex and multifaceted challenges within the global landscape. This research provides comprehensive explanations of the dynamics, impacts, and potential resolution strategies related to economic conflicts. By examining the underlying causes, such as trade disputes, resource competition, or geopolitical tensions, this study sheds light on the interconnected nature of economic conflicts and their repercussions on various stakeholders, including governments, businesses, and societies. Drawing upon a diverse range of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence, this research investigates the economic, political, and social dimensions of conflicts, exploring the ripple effects they generate across national levels. The study also delves into the economic costs incurred during conflicts, such as reduced trade, investment volatility, and market instability, and their long-term implications for growth and development. Furthermore, this research examines existing mechanisms and strategies employed for conflict resolution, including diplomatic negotiations, multilateral institutions, and economic diplomacy. By critically evaluating their effectiveness and limitations, the study aims to contribute to the development of innovative approaches that foster peaceful and mutually beneficial resolutions to economic conflicts. Ultimately, this research seeks to enhance our understanding of economic conflicts, their underlying drivers, and the potential avenues for resolution. By shedding light on the complexities of these conflicts, it provides policymakers, businesses, and academics with valuable insights to mitigate risks, promote economic stability, and foster sustainable global economic relations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asere Gbenga Femi, James Sambo Wujat, Joseph Williams Enam, Olatayo James (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0