Article section
The War on Terror: Assessing Awareness and Acceptance on The Anti-Terrorism Act (Ata) of 2020 in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines
Abstract
The war on terror has been a focal point of global security efforts, with various measures implemented to combat terrorism. This study investigates the awareness and acceptance of the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 among the residents of Sitio who have had cases of terrorist attacks in the Municipality of Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro. The study utilized the descriptive-correlational method to systematically describe the relationship among variables. The study reveals that respondents were unaware of the provisions of the Anti-Terrorism Act and varied on the level of acceptance of its provisions. It further shows a significant relationship between the level of awareness and acceptance and factors such as age, sex, religion, income, and educational attainment. The research recommends collaboration between local leaders, educational institutions, and other civil society organizations to implement an information dissemination plan and other educational programs for anti-terrorism awareness and establish a monitoring and evaluation mechanism to assess the impact of the awareness-raising efforts of the agencies involved.
Keywords:
Terrorism Security Awareness Acceptance Anti-Terrorism Act Terrorist
Article information
Journal
Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Science
Volume (Issue)
1(2), (2024)
Pages
28-42
Published
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2024 Cyrah Mae C. Montero, Jhon Leanard M. Dilay, Ciedelle Piol-Salazar (Author)
Open access
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Abad, M. (2023). Philippines improves in 2023 world gender equality ranking. Philippine Institute for development Studies. https://tinyurl.com/2rkwj5vk
Adap, J. (2021). The Cyber Battleground: An Analysis On The Use Of Social Media For Terrorist Recruitment. National Defense College of the Philippines. https://ndcp.edu.ph/the-cyber-battleground-an-analysis-on-the-use-of-social-media-for-terrorist-recruitment/
Afrianti, R. (2019). Diskursus Feminisme Transnasional: Pengaruh Interseksionalitas Dalam Agenda Keamanan Manusia Di Asia Tenggara. Paradigma POLISTAAT: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 2(2), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.23969/paradigmapolistaat.v2i2.2111
Al Zou’bi, R. (2017). Universities’ Role in Addressing Terrorism in Light of Students’ Awareness to its Definition, Causes, and Types. European Scientific Journal 13(13), 253-271. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n13p253
Awan, I. (2012). Glorifying and encouraging terrorism: Preserving the golden thread of civil liberties in Britain. Journal of Aggression 4(3), 144-154. https://doi.org/10.1108/17596591211244157
Azka, M. F. (2023). The Role of Gender in the Dynamic of Social Change: Analysis of Intersectionality in the Context of Contemporary Society. OSF.
Bahuguna, P. (2019). Level of Legal Awareness Among Youth: An Empirical Study of College Students. Journal of Critical Reviews, 8(8).
Banks, C. (2019). Introduction: Women, Gender, and Terrorism: Gendering Terrorism. Women & Criminal Justice, 29(4-5), 181-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1633612
Baring, R., Sarmiento, P. J., Sibug, N., Lumanian, P., Bonus, B., Samia, C., & Reysen, S. (2018). Filipino College Students’ Attitudes towards Religion: An Analysis of the Underlying Factors. Religions, 9(3), 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9030085
Benavides v. Peru (2000). Cantoral Benavides v. Peru. Inte- American Court of Human Rights Project. https://iachr.lls.edu/cases/cantoral-benavides-v-peru
Bequelin, N. (2020). Philippines: Dangerous anti-terror law yet another setback for human rights. Amnesty Organization. http://tiny.cc/j82kxz
Bersales, L. (2018). Filipino Families Are Most Deprived in Education. Philippine Statistics Authority. http://tiny.cc/jdojxz
Bertram, C. (2023). Jean Jacques Rousseau. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://1r1.pl/mKzxNLh
Borgmann, C. (2009). Holding Legislature Constitutionally Accountable Through Facial Challenges. Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, 36(4). https://ssrn.com/abstract=1392549
Bustamante, P. (2023). The State of Education in the Philippines.Linked in. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/state-education philippines-peps-bustamante
Cabanayan, C. G. (2023). La Union guv: Breaking the stereotype of age and gender. Philippine Information Agency. https://pia.gov.ph/features/2023/03/31/la-union-guv-breaking-the-stereotype-of-age-and-gender
Caguioa, A. (2021). G. R. Nos. 252578. Lawphil Net. https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2021/dec2021/pdf/gr_252578_caguioa.pdf
Carmona, M. S., & Donal, K. (2014). Access to justice for person living in poverty: A human rights approach. SSRNeLibrary.https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2437808
Casey, K. (2018). Youth and Violent Extremism in Mindanao, Philippines. DAI Shaping a more livable world https://tinyurl.com/3z3w2rb
Cherry, K. (2022). Erikson’s Stages of Development: A Closer Look at the Eight Psychosocial Stages. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/erik-eriksons-stages-of-psychosocial-development-2795740
Chopik, W., Bremner R., Giasson H., & Johnson, D. (2018). Age Differences in Age Perceptions and Developmental Transitions. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 67. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00067
Choudhury, T., & Fenwick, H. (2011). The impact of counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities. Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report 72. http://tiny.cc/192kxz
City of Manila v. Laguio, Jr.(2005). G.R. No. 118127. LawPhil Project Arellano Law Foundation. https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/apr2005/gr_118127_2005.html
Corbin, A. (2017). Assessing Differences in Learning Styles: Age, Gender and Academic Performance at the Tertiary Level in the Caribbean. Caribbean Teaching Scholar, 7(April 2017), 67–91.
Cruz, R. (2023). CHED reports higher enrollment, but graduation, drop out rates unchanged. ABS-CBN News. https://tinyurl.com/yu683mfh
David, L. M. (2020). Philippines: New Anti-Terrorism Act Endangers Rights. Human Rights Watch. http://tiny.cc/k82kxz
Dier, A., & Baldwin, G. (2022). Masculinities and Violent Extremism. International Peace Institute and CTED. https://tinyurl.com/yptdybhc
Eluriaga, L. M., Zeller, L. M., Gange, G. M., & Ferrer, A. (2021). Life in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic: the experiences and responses of households in Guimaras and Miagao, Iloilo. School of Economics/UP Diliman.
Erten, B., & Keskin, P. (2022). Does Knowledge Empower? Education, Legal Awareness, and Intimate Partner Violence. Feminist Economics, 28(4), 29-59, https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2022.2061029
Esmailzadeh, Y. (2023). Unveiling The UIC Approach: Towards a Novel Framework For Rethinking the Definition and Implications of Terrorism. Russian Law Journal, 11(12s), 348-362. https://doi.org/10.52783/rlj.v11i12s.2145
Flores, G. (2023). Fostering Awareness of Integrating Education for Sustainable Development in Teacher Education Institutions across the Caraga Region, Philippines. International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10(3), 1176-1183. https://doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.1700
Freedom of Information (2023). Number of reported terrorist attacks in Municipality of Bongabong per Barangay. https://k54.pl/qYpPObk
Gaskin, B. (2021). Faith and Fake News: How Religion Influences Political Trust. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/religionglobalsociety/2021/10/faith-and-fake-news-how-religion-influences-political-trust/
Global Expression Report. (2023). The Global Expression Report for 2023. https://www.article19.org/gxr-22/
Global Terrorism Database. (2022). Philippine Terrorism Incidents. University of Maryland. https://rb.gy/zvcqqe .
Global Terrorism Database Heat Map. (2020). Terrorist Attacks, 2020 Concentration and Intensity. University of Maryland. https://rb.gy/agw6hm
Gogoi, R. (2019). CJI: Absence of legal awareness root cause of rights’ deprivation. Millennium Post. https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/cji-absence-of-legal-awareness-root-cause-of-rights-deprivation-369530
Gong, H. J., & Hong, J. E. (2021). Does Postsecondary Education Attainment Matter in Community Service Engagement? Evidence from Across 18 OECD Countries. Education Sciences, 11(3), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11030096
Government of Canada. (2021). Public Views on the Anti- Terrorism Act (formerly Bill C-36). https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/antiter/rr05_3/p3_04.html
Grümme, B. (2023). Values Education, Politics and Religion. In: Polak, R., Rohs, P. (Eds.) Values – Politics – Religion: The European Values Study. Philosophy and Politics - Critical Explorations, (vol 26). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31364-6_13
Guerrero, K. S. (2022). Filipinos still believe gender stereotypes on breadwinning, unpaid care work but positive changes seen. Oxfam Philippines. https://tinyurl.com/3wxv3pw5
Gunatilleke, G. (2021). Justifying Limitations on the Freedom of Expression. Human Rights Review, 22(1), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-020-00608-8
Gweshengwe, B., Hassan, N. H., & Duan, X. (2020). Defining the characteristics of poverty and their implications for poverty analysis. Cogent Social Sciences, 6(1), 1768669.https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1768669
Harris. (2015). Gender Differences in Learning Styles. HubPages. https://discover.hubpages.com/education/Gender-Differences-In-Learning-Styles
Harvard Health Publishing. (2017). How memory and thinking ability change with age. Harvard Medical School. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/how-memory-and-thinking-ability-change-with-age
Hayes, A. (2024). Demographics: How to Collect, Analyze, and Use Demographic Data. Investopedia. https://tinyurl.com/46vfy7fk
Henne, P. (2019). Terrorism and Religion. Oxford University Press 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.693
Home Poverty Statistics. (2023). Preliminary 2023 First Semester Official Poverty Statistics. Philippine Statistics Authority.https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/poverty/node/1684061846
Horák, F., Lacko, D., & Klocek, A. (2021). Legal Consciousness: A Systematic Review of its Conceptualization and Measurement Methods1. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 31(1), 9 - 34. https://doi.org/10.5093/apj2021a2
Huckerby, J. (2020). In Harm’s Way: Gender and Human Rights in National Security. Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1352&context=djglp
Ike, T. J., Antonopoulos, G. A., & Singh, D. (2022). Community perspectives of terrorism and the Nigerian government’s counterterrorism strategies: A systematic review. Criminology & Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958221110009
Ivanchenko, O. (2022). Disciplinary Perspective of the Theoretical and Legal Profile of the Legitimacy Of Law. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 8(3), 86-91. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2022-8-3-86-91
Joel, D., Berman, Z., Tavor, I., & Assaf Y. (2015). Sex beyond the genitalia: The human brain mosaic. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1509654112
Jusue, I. (2021). Counter-terrorism training “at your kitchen table”: the promotion of “CT citizens” and the securitisation of everyday life in the UK. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 15(2), 290-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2021.2013014
Kaye, D. (2015). Presentation of David Kaye at the World Press Freedom Day International Conference. United Nation Human Rights. http://tiny.cc/hhojxz
Kersey, R. (2021). Twenty years after 9/11, antiterrorism measures still as important as ever. Joint Base San Antonio. https://rb.gy/qx6p9w
Kiai, M., Kaye, D., Emmerson, B., Crepeau F., & Forst, M. (2015). “Two legal reform projects undermine the rights of assembly and expression in Spain” - UN experts: Human rights in Spain. United Nations Humans Rights. http://tiny.cc/zgojxz
Knoema. (2023). Philippines - Male to female distribution of the total population. https://knoema.com/atlas/Philippines/topics/Demographics/Population/Male-to-female-ratio
Latumahina, F., Nurlette, M. H., & Somar, L. H. (2023). Enhancing Legal Awareness Among High School Students through Education and Counselling: A Case Study at SMA Negeri 45 Maluku Tengah, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Cultural and Community Development, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.21070/ijccd2023908
Manjunatha N. (2019). Descriptive Research. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, 6(6).
Manstead, A. (2018). The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behavior. British Journal of Social Psychology, 57(2), 267-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12251
Marripedia. (2022). Effects of Religious Practice on Society. Marripedia Organization. https://tinyurl.com/y64qmekd
Martin, G., & Prager, F., (2019). Terrorism: An International Perspective. SAGE Publications Ltd. http://tiny.cc/pgojxz
Meliadis, M., Afroditi, S., & Chalaris, M. (2020). Study of the Problems Associated with Producing a Satisfactory Definition of Terrorism and Analysis of the Main Characteristics of Terrorism. International Case Studies Journal, 9(3), 55-63. https://rb.gy/frskw8
Mendoza, R. U., Ong, R. J. G., Romano, D. L. L., & Torno, B. C. P. (2021). Counterterrorism in the Philippines: Review of Key Issues. Perspectives on Terrorism, 15(1), 49–64. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26984797
Mood C., & Jonsson J. (2015). The Social Consequences of Poverty: An Empirical Test on Longitudinal Data. Soc Indic Res. 2016; 127: 633–652. DOI: 10.1007/s11205-015-0983-9
Musaraj, J. (2021). Legal Education and Upbringing of Order. Revistia Research and Publishing. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(1), 80-89. https://revistia.com/files/articles/ejms_v6_i1_21/Musaraj.pdf
Mutungi, S. K., & Mulu, F. (2021). Counter-Terrorism Measures and Human Rights Protection in Kenya. International Journal of Current Aspects, 5(4), 78-89. https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v5i4.212
Nazir, K. (2022). Definition of Terrorism and its impact on Criminal Justice System: A Critical Review. Journal of Public Policy Practitioners, 1(2), 79-114. https://doi.org/10.32350/jppp.12.04
Nikolopoulou, K. (2023, June 22). What is purposive sampling? Definition & Examples. Scribbr. https://tinyurl.com/yc66kb3b
Nivette, A. Eisner, M., & Ribeaud, D. (2019). Evaluating the shared and unique predictors of legal cynicism and police legitimacy from adolescence into early adulthood. Wiley Online Library Criminology, 58(1), 70-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12230
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (2023). Countering Terrorism. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_77646.htm
Norton, O. (2022). Identities of the Female Terrorist: Perceptions of Women in Extremism. Australian Institute of International Affairs. https://bit.ly/3TdiGwM
Nujuliyani, S., Tirto, D., Azhari Y., & Widodo, P. (2023). New Zealand Counter-Terrorism Strategy For Build Positive Peace To Support National Security. International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v3i1.582
Nyawo, P. (2023). Law, South African Mothers Living in Poverty and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2023/v26i0a13146
O’Neill, A. (2024). Age structure in the Philippines 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/578779/age-structure-in-philippines/
Obonyo, R. (2020). African youth and the growth of violent extremism. United Nations Africa Renewal. http://tiny.cc/mp6jxz
Occupational Wage Survey. (2023). Highlights of the 2022 Occupational Wages Survey (OWS). Philippine Statistics Authority. https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/occupational-wages-survey
Office of International Religious Freedom. (2022). 2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Philippines. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/philippines/
Office of the Ombudsman. Revised Penal Code. https://www.ombudsman.gov.ph/docs/republicacts/Revised_Penal_Code_Title%20II_and_VII.pdf
Official Gazette Government Philippines. (2020). Republic Act No.11479. ApeosPort-IV C5575. https://01e.me/ucg7PBm
Official Gazette. (1987). 1987 Philippine Constitution Article 2, section 28. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/
Orbeta, A. C., & Paqueo, V. B. (2022). Philippine Education: Situationer, Challenges,and Ways Forward. Department of Health-Research Institute for Tropical Medicine. https://tinyurl.com/2dypxjsr
Ordinario, C. (2021). Inflation seen to hit growth, poverty goal. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. https://www.pids.gov.ph/details/inflation-seen-to-hit-growth-poverty-goal
Orehek, E., & Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, A. (2014). Understanding the Terrorist Threat: Policy Implications of a Motivational Account of Terrorism. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1) 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732214549747
Overmeire, R. V., Van Keer, R. L., & Bilsen, J. (2021). Impact of terrorist attacks on social relationships. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 28(6), 1472-1481. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2587
Pamintuan, A. (2021). Youth Recruitment. The Philippine Star Global. http://tiny.cc/vp6jxz
Payne, M. (1976). Hart’s Concept of a Legal System. William & Mary Law Review. https://1r1.pl/CEWGSrr
Philippine Business for Education. (2023). State of Philippine Education Report 2023. PBEd. https://pbed.ph/blogs/47/PBEd/State%20of%20Philippine%20Education%20Report%202023
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2022). Age and Sex Distribution in the Philippine Population (2020 Census of Population and Housing). https://tinyurl.com/mr3rf759
Philippines News Agency. (2021). Cusi calls for intensified fight vs. communist terrorists. Republic of the Philippines PNA. https://en5.pl/eiTXKVc
Rajashree, K., & Singai, C. (2022). Reforms in legal aid and awareness with regard to the aged in India: A case for an inclusive approach. Infection and Immunity, 67(12), 6596–6602. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.12.6596-6602.1999
Ray, R. (2020). The Importance of Collecting Demographic Data. The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/1.15.20_CongressionalTestimony_Ray_Rashawn.pdf
Rooij, B. (2021). Do People Know the Law? Empirical Evidence about Legal Knowledge and Its Implications for Compliance. Van Rooij, B.’Do people know the law, (pp. 467–488). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108759458.032
Salgado, A. (2014). Review of empirical studies on impact of religion, religiosity and spirituality as protective factors. Propósitos y Representaciones, 2(1), 121-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.20511/pyr2014.v2n1.55
Schmid, A. P. (2023). Defining Terrorism. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. https://rb.gy/7w9dqo
Scroope, C. (2017). Religion. The Cultural Atlas. https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-religion
Secret PH. (2023). The Role of Religion in Filipino Society: Past and Present. Secret PH. https://secret-ph.com/the-role-of-religion-in-filipino-society-past-and-present/
Senate Committee Report No. 186 (2021). Resolution Directing the Senate Committee on National Defense and Security to Exercise Its Oversight Authority over the Defense Sector on the Issue of Red-Tagging/Red-Baiting. Eighteenth Congress of the Republic of the Philippines Second Regular Session. https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/3455831378!.pdf
Shakil, M. (2021). Lack of basic legal awareness in the contemporary education curriculum. The Business Standard. http://tiny.cc/niojxz
Sharma, S. (2021). Instrument to Rule? : Examining the Impact of Bangladesh’s Counter-terrorism Laws on Freedom of Expression. Counter-Terrorism Laws and Freedom of Expression: Global Perspectives (pp.351-367). Publisher: Lexington Books.
Statista Research Department. (2023). Number of fatalities due to terrorist attacks worldwide between 2007 and 2022. Statista. https://rb.gy/ez2f9z
Tan, E. A. (2017). Quality, inequality and recent education reform. Scool of Economics/UP Diliman.
Tan, D. (2022). Philippines: Cease dangerous practice of red-tagging human rights defenders. International Commission of Jurist. http://tiny.cc/l82kxz
Tapia, V. (2020). YOUNG BLOOD: Youth’s Vulnerability on Terrorist Exploitation. Law enforcement and public safety academy. LEAPS Academy Philippines PG Diploma in Terrorism Studies. https://rb.gy/a2e1to
The ASEAN Post Team. (2018). Battle of Marawi: Three months on. The ASEAN Post. https://1r1.pl/yq6oR1o
United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, (2020). Measures Undertaken by the Philippine Government to Eliminate International Terrorism. United Nation Organization. https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/75/int_terrorism/philippines_e.pdf
Viceré, M. G., & Venneri, G. (2023). Counter-Terrorism Policies. In The European Union’s Engagement with the Southern Mediterranean: Integrating the European Neighbourhood Policy, (pp. 135-162). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31205-2_6
Welsman, S. (2022). Why Would-Be Students Aren’t Choosing College. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/09/29/new-study-explores-why-people-drop-out-or-dont-enroll
Worldometer. (2024). Philippines Population. Elaboration of data by United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The2022Revision. https://www.worldometers.info/worldpopulation/philippines-population/
Yantho, G. I., Hidayah, K. N., Suhartono, A., & Nurhadi, R. A. (2021, November). The Effect of Religiosity on Society’s Law Awareness in Complying with Health Protocol in DKI Jakarta Province. In 2nd International Conference on Law and Human Rights 2021 (ICLHR 2021) (pp. 330-336). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211112.042.
Zhaoyang, R., Sliwinski, M., Martire, L., & Smyth, J. (2018). Age Differences in Adults’ Daily Social Interactions: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. Psychology and aging, 33(4), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000242