Article section
Within the Realms of Uncertainties: Phenomenologizing the Lived Experiences of Covid-19 Survivors
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly been triggering mental health issues. One of the worst scenarios is to become severely ill due to the COVID-19 virus, which may put someone in a life-threatening situation that may be traumatic and could affect one’s psychological well-being. This study explored the lived experiences of COVID-19 survivors before, during, and after they were infected with the COVID-19 virus using a qualitative approach, particularly transcendental phenomenology. Data was collected among 10 COVID-19 survivors through face-to-face interviews and was analyzed using Moustakas' transcendental phenomenology and analysis procedures. In the exploration of the lived experiences of the COVID-19 survivors, four themes have emerged: 1) surfacing psychological distress, 2) extreme psychological distress, 3) realizing the value of life, and 4) facing the challenges of discrimination. Two overarching themes have emerged: 1) embracing optimism and 2) boosting faith and spirituality. The remarkable outcome of this study was the development of an onion model of the lived experiences of COVID-19 survivors, which presents the connection of their experiences before, during, and after they were infected with the COVID-19 virus. It describes that the COVID-19 survivors, although they experienced life-threatening situations, remain hopeful with their outlook in life, believing that the Divine will not forsake them. It is recommended that COVID-19 survivors may undergo appropriate psychological intervention that could help them get away from the possibility of having future mental health issues.
Keywords:
Covid-19 Psychological Distress Survivors Transcendental Phenomenology
Article information
Journal
Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Science
Volume (Issue)
2(1), (2025)
Pages
158-169
Published
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2025 Zera Nacod-am, Anthoinette Bubod, Sarah Lunag, Jessa Muriel Calatan, Donato O. Abaya (Author)
Open access

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Abad, C. L., Lansang, M. A. D., Cordero, C. P., Viray, E. D. E., Tiangco, B. J., Bello, J. A. G., & Saniel, M. C. (2021). Early experience with COVID-19 patients in a private tertiary hospital in the Philippines: Implications on surge capacity, healthcare systems response, and clinical care. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 10, 100695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.100695
Ahmed, M. Z., Ahmed, O., Aibao, Z., Hanbin, S., Siyu, L., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092
Al-Fadly, A. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on SMEs and employment. Entrepreneurship and sustainability issues, 8(2), 629. http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.8.2(38)
Aqeel, M., Shuja, K. H., Abbas, J., Rehna, T., & Ziapour, A. (2020). The influence of illness perception, anxiety, and depression disorders on students' mental health during the COVID-19 outbreak in Pakistan: A web-based cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 15(1), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-10-2020-0095
Baloch, G. M., Sundarasen, S., Chinna, K., Nurunnabi, M., Kamaludin, K., Khoshaim, H. B., & AlSukayt, A. (2021). COVID-19: Exploring impacts of the pandemic and lockdown on the mental health of Pakistani students. PeerJ, 9, e10612. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10612
Banzett, R. B., Sheridan, A. R., Baker, K. M., Lansing, R. W., & Stevens, J. P. (2020). ‘Scared to death’: Dyspnoea from the hospitalized patient’s perspective. BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 7(1), e000493. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2019-000493
Bhattacharya, P., Banerjee, D., & Rao, T. S. (2020). The “untold” side of COVID-19: Social stigma and its consequences in India. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 382–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620935578
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: A rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Browning, M. H., Larson, L. R., Sharaievska, I., Rigolon, A., McAnirlin, O., Mullenbach, L., & Alvarez, H. O. (2021). Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245327. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245327
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Chasco, E. E., Dukes, K., Jones, D., Comellas, A., Hoffman, R., & Garg, A. (2022). Brain Fog and Fatigue following COVID-19 Infection: An Exploratory Study of Patient Experiences of Long COVID. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315499
Cheikh, I., L., Osaili, T. M., Mohamad, M. N., Al Marzouqi, A., Jarrar, A. H., Abu Jamous, D. O., & Al Dhaheri, A. S. (2020). Eating habits and lifestyle during COVID-19 lockdown in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 12(11), 3314. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113314
Coelho, C. M., Suttiwan, P., Arato, N., & Zsido, A. N. (2020). On the nature of fear and anxiety triggered by COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 581314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581314
Cresswell, J. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. https://repositorio.ciem.ucr.ac.cr/bitstream/123456789/501/1/Qualitative%20inquiry%20%26%20research%20design.%20design%20_%20Choosing%20among%20five%20approaches.%20%281%29.pdf
Dermawan, I. B., Saputra, S. D., Dayu, G. O., & Putri, N. S. (2021). Life experiences of COVID-19 survivors in the Osing tribe with zero death cases. International Journal of Nursing and Health Services, 4(6), 646–654.
Ellepola, A., & Rajapakse, R. P. (2020). The foreseeable psychological impact of COVID-19 in Sri Lanka.
Emamikhah, M., Babadi, M., Mehrabani, M., Jalili, M., Pouranian, M., Daraie, P., Mohaghegh, F., Aghavali, S., Zaribafian, M., & Rohani, M. (2020). Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, a post-infectious neurologic complication of COVID-19: case series and review of literature. Journal of Neurovirology, 27, 26-34 . http://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-020-00941-1
Fardin, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and anxiety: A review of psychological impacts of infectious disease outbreaks. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 15(COVID-19). https://doi.org/10.5812/archcid.102779
Forlenza, O. V., & Vallada, H. (2018). Spirituality, health, and well-being in the elderly. International Psychogeriatrics, 30(12), 1741–1742. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610218001874
Formighieri Giordani, R. C., & Bezerra da Costa, I. (2021). The pandemic health crisis and its implications for food and nutritional security in Latin America. *Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Pública/Portuguese Journal of Public Health, 38(3). https://doi.org/10.1159/000512958
Galica, J., Liu, Z., Kain, D., Merchant, S., Booth, C., Koven, R., ... & Haase, K. R. (2021). Coping during COVID-19: a mixed methods study of older cancer survivors. Supportive care in cancer, 29, 3389-3398. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05929-5
Golets, A., Farias, J., Pilati, R., & Costa, H. (2023). COVID-19 pandemic and tourism: The impact of health risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty on travel intentions. Current Psychology, 42(3), 2500-2513. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02282-6
Gordon, D. E., Jang, G. M., Bouhaddou, M., Xu, J., Obernier, K., White, K. M., ... & Krogan, N. J. (2020). A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing. Nature, 583(7816), 459-468.
Hamam, A. A., Milo, S., Mor, I., Shaked, E., Eliav, A. S., & Lahav, Y. (2021). Peritraumatic reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic—The contribution of posttraumatic growth attributed to prior trauma. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 132, 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.029
Hays, D. G., & Singh, A. A. (2012). Qualitative inquiry in clinical and educational settings. The Guilford Press.
Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., & Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
Howard, L. (2008). Developmental students' perceptions of unsuccessful and successful mathematics learning (Doctoral dissertation). ProQuest Dissertation and Theses. (AAT 304433567)
Howard, L., & Whitaker, M. (2011). Unsuccessful and successful mathematics learning: Developmental students' perceptions. Journal of Developmental Education, 35(2), 2-16.
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2021). Mental health burden for the public affected by the COVID-19 outbreak in China: Who will be the high-risk group?. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1754438
Husserl, E. (1970). The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology: An introduction to phenomenological philosophy. Northwestern University Press.
Iasevoli, F., Fornaro, M., D’Urso, G., Galletta, D., Casella, C., Paternoster, M., Buccelli, C., & de Bartolomeis, A. (2021). Psychological distress in patients with serious mental illness during the COVID-19 outbreak and one-month mass quarantine in Italy. Psychological Medicine, 51(6), 1054–1056. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001841
Jatmiko, M. I., Syukron, M., & Mekarsari, Y. (2020). Covid-19, harassment and social media: A study of gender-based violence facilitated by technology during the pandemic. The Journal of Society and Media, 4(2), 319-347. http://doi.org/10.26740/JSM.V4N2.P319-347
Jesmi, A. A., Mohammadzade-Tabrizi, Z., Rad, M., Hosseinzadeh-Younesi, E., & Pourhabib, A. (2021). Lived experiences of patients with COVID-19 infection: A phenomenology study. Medicinski Glasnik, 18(1), 18-26. https://doi.org/10.17392/1247-21
Kowalczyk, O., Roszkowski, K., Montane, X., Pawliszak, W., Tylkowski, B., & Bajek, A. (2020). Religion and faith perception in a pandemic of COVID-19. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(6), 2671–2677. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7549332/
Leach, C. R., Kirkland, E. G., Masters, M., Sloan, K., Rees-Punia, E., Patel, A. V., & Watson, L. (2021). Cancer survivor worries about treatment disruption and detrimental health outcomes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of psychosocial oncology, 39(3), 347-365. http://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2021.1888184
Lee, J. J., Tsang, W. N., Yang, S. C., Kwok, J. Y. Y., Lou, V. W., & Lau, K. K. (2021). Qualitative study of Chinese stroke caregivers’ caregiving experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Stroke, 52(4), 1407-1414. http://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032250
Li, X., Fu, P., Fan, C., Zhu, M., & Li, M. (2021). COVID-19 stress and mental health of students in locked-down colleges. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 771. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7831318/
Magdon-Ismail, M. (2020). Machine Learning the Phenomenology of COVID-19 From Early Infection Dynamics. ArXiv, abs/2003.07602 . http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.17.20037309
Molteni, F., Ladini, R., Biolcati, F., Chiesi, A. M., Dotti Sani, G. M., Guglielmi, S., & Vezzoni, C. (2021). Searching for comfort in religion: Insecurity and religious behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. European Societies, 23(Suppl. 1), S704–S720. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345007344_
Moradi, Y., Mollazadeh, F., Karimi, P., Hosseingholipour, K., & Baghaei, R. (2020). Psychological disturbances of survivors throughout the COVID-19 crisis: A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), Article 355. https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-020-03009-w
Moura, G. G., Nascimento, C. R. R., & Ferreira, J. M. (2020). COVID-19: Reflections on the crisis, transformation, and interactive processes under development. Trends in Psychology, 1–20. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43076-020-00061-z
Moustakas, C. E. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage Publications, Inc.
Nie, A., Su, X., Zhang, S., Guan, W., & Li, J. (2020). Psychological impact of COVID-19 outbreaks on frontline nurses: A cross-sectional survey study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(21–22), 4217–4226. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32786150/
Norouzadeh, R., Abbasinia, M., Tayebi, Z., Sharifipour, E., Koohpaei, A., Aghaie, B., & Asgarpour, H. (2021). Experiences of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care units: A qualitative study. Journal of Patient Experience, 8, Article 23743735211007359. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/23743735211007359
Olufadewa, I. I., Adesina, M. A., Oladokun, B., Baru, A., Oladele, R. I., Iyanda, T. O., ... & Abudu, F. (2020). “I was scared I might die alone”: A qualitative study on the physiological and psychological experience of COVID-19 survivors and the quality of care received at health facilities. International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health, 8(2), 51-57. http://doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2020.09
Ornell, F., Halpern, S. C., Kessler, F. H. P., & Narvaez, J. C. D. M. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Cadernos de saude publica, 36, e00063520. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00063520
Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 88, 901-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
Perkins, G. D., Ji, C., Connolly, B. A., Couper, K., Lall, R., Baillie, J. K., ... & McAuley, D. F. (2021). An adaptive randomized controlled trial of non-invasive respiratory strategies in acute respiratory failure patients with COVID-19. MedRxiv, 2021-08. http://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.02.21261379
Perkins, G. D., Ji, C., Connolly, B. A., Couper, K., Lall, R., Baillie, J. K., ... & Carnahan, M. (2022). Effect of noninvasive respiratory strategies on intubation or mortality among patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and COVID-19: the RECOVERY-RS randomized clinical trial. Jama, 327(6), 546-558. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.0028
Polkinghorne, D. E. (1989). Phenomenological research methods. In R. S. Valle & S. Halling (Eds.), Existential-phenomenological perspectives in psychology: Exploring the breadth of human experience (pp. 41–60). Plenum Press.
Ragavan, M. I., Risser, L., Duplessis, V., DeGue, S., Villaveces, A., Hurley, T. P., ... & Randell, K. A. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the needs and lived experiences of intimate partner violence survivors in the United States: Advocate perspectives. Violence against women, 28(12-13), 3114-3134. http://doi.org/10.1177/10778012211054869
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, Article 102066. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151415/
Ravi, K. E., Rai, A., & Schrag, R. V. (2022). Survivors’ experiences of intimate partner violence and shelter utilization during COVID-19. Journal of family violence, 37(6), 979-990. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00300-6
Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L., & Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population. QJM: monthly journal of the Association of Physicians, 113(8), 531–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201
Shaban, R. Z., Nahidi, S., Sotomayor-Castillo, C., Li, C., Gilroy, N., O'Sullivan, M. V., ... & Bag, S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19: The lived experience and perceptions of patients in isolation and care in an Australian healthcare setting. American Journal of Infection Control, 48(12), 1445-1450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.032
Sirgy, M. J. (1986). A quality-of-life theory derived from Maslow’s developmental perspective: “Quality” is related to progressive satisfaction of a hierarchy of needs, lower order and higher. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 45(3), 329–342. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1986.tb02394.x
Smirni, P., Lavanco, G., & Smirni, D. (2020). Anxiety in Older Adolescents at the Time of COVID-19. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(10), 3064. http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103064
Son, H. M., Choi, W. H., Hwang, Y. H., & Yang, H. R. (2021). The lived experiences of COVID-19 patients in South Korea: A qualitative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7419). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147419
Song, M. (2020). Psychological stress responses to COVID-19 and adaptive strategies in China. World Development, 136, 105107. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20302345
Sun, N., Wei, L., Wang, H., Wang, X., Gao, M., Hu, X., & Shi, S. (2021). Qualitative study of the psychological experience of COVID-19 patients during hospitalization. Journal of Affective Disorders, 278, 15–22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32949869/
Sutter-Leve, R., Passint, E., Ness, D., & Rindflesch, A. (2021). The caregiver experience after stroke in a COVID-19 environment: a qualitative study in inpatient rehabilitation. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 45(1), 14-20. http://doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0000000000000336
Todres, J., & Diaz, A. (2021). COVID-19 and human trafficking—the amplified impact on vulnerable populations. JAMA pediatrics, 175(2), 123-124. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3610
Usher, K., Durkin, J., & Bhullar, N. (2020). The COVID‐19 pandemic and mental health impacts. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 315–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12726
Vos, J. (2016). Working with meaning in life in mental health care: A systematic literature review of the practices and effectiveness of meaning-centred therapies. Clinical perspectives on meaning: Positive and existential psychotherapy (pp. 59-87). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41397-6_4
Vrach, I. T., & Tomar, R. (2020). Mental health impacts of social isolation in older people during the COVID pandemic. Psychogeriatrics, 24(4), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1986.tb02394.x
Wahyu, P., Nanda, W., Wahyudi, A., Supriyanto, A., Muyana, S., Suci, P., Dwi, R., & Jepri, S. (2021). Student Perceptions of Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: A Study of Phenomenology. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(3), 1515-1528. http://doi.org/10.12973/EU-JER.10.3.1515
Wang, J., Cui, M., & Chang, L. (2023). Evaluating economic recovery by measuring the COVID-19 spillover impact on business practices: evidence from Asian markets intermediaries. Economic Change and Restructuring, 56, 1629-1650. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-023-09482-z
Whitehead, D. L., Strike, P., Perkins-Porras, L., & Steptoe, A. (2005). Frequency of distress and fear of dying during acute coronary syndromes and consequences for adaptation. The American Journal of Cardiology, 96(11), 1512–1516. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002914905014530
Williams, E. E., Arant, K. R., Leifer, V. P., Balcom, M. C., Levy-Carrick, N. C., Lewis-O’Connor, A., & Katz, J. N. (2021). Provider perspectives on the provision of safe, equitable, trauma-informed care for intimate partner violence survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study. BMC women's health, 21(1), 315. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01460-9
Wu, D., Ding, H., Lin, J., Xiao, M., Xie, J., Xie, F., & Zhang, S. (2022). Fighting COVID-19: A qualitative study into the lives of intensive care unit survivors in Wuhan, China. BMJ Open, 12(3), e055365. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/3/e055365
Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor, 26, e923921-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111105/
Yao, H., Chen, J. H., & Xu, Y. F. (2020). Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e21. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(20)30090-0/fulltext
Zhang, H., Xie, F., Yang, B., Zhao, F., Wang, C., & Chen, X. (2022). Psychological experience of COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis. American Journal of Infection Control, 50(7), 809–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2022.01.023