Article section

Article title
Contributor
Abstract
About article
DOI
Citation style
Copyright
Open access
References
Research Article

Seasonal Variations in Surface Water Physicochemical Quality and Pollution Assessment in the Can Gio Estuary, Vietnam

Authors

  • Kien Tran Trung Institute of Life Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9026-3462
  • Kieu Luu Thi My Da Loc Trade - Construction Joint Stock Company, Vietnam
  • Tri Thai Ngoc Institute of Life Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • Loan Le Quynh Institute of Life Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • Ngoc Tran Thi My Institute of Life Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • Nhung Vu Thi Tuyet Institute of Life Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • Quan Luu Kim Minh Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • Dung Nguyen Hoang Institute of Life Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    dung0018034@gmail.com

Abstract

Assessing physicochemical characteristics of surface water is essential for understanding environmental quality and managing aquatic resources in estuarine ecosystems. This study evaluated the current status and seasonal variation of surface water in the Can Gio area, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, based on 14 sampling sites surveyed during the dry and rainy seasons of 2023. The results revealed that COD and BOD5 exceeded permissible limits at all sites (100%), while nitrite exceeded the standard at 71% of sites during the dry season, indicating widespread organic and nutrient pollution. Mean COD (51.2 mg O2/L) and BOD5 (29.6 mg O2/L) in the dry season were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the rainy season (42.7 and 23.7 mg O2/L, respectively), confirming strong seasonal variation. Paired t-tests showed significant seasonal differences (p < 0.05) in most parameters, with pollution more severe in the dry season due to reduced dilution capacity and enhanced anthropogenic discharge. Although pH, DO, ammonia, and phosphate remained within regulatory thresholds, elevated organic loads and nitrite accumulation reflect limited self-purification during low-flow conditions. These results establish quantitative evidence of organic enrichment and seasonal oxygen stress in the Can Gio estuarine system, providing a critical baseline for water quality management and modeling under climate and hydrological change.

Keywords:

Can Gio Estuary Physicochemical Parameters Seasonal Variation Surface Water Quality Vietnam

Article information

Journal

Journal of Environment, Climate, and Ecology

Volume (Issue)

2(2), (2025)

Pages

147-154

Published

28-10-2025

How to Cite

Trung, K. T., My, K. L. T., Ngoc, T. T., Quynh, L. L., My, N. T. T., Tuyet, N. V. T., Minh, Q. L. K., & Hoang, D. N. (2025). Seasonal Variations in Surface Water Physicochemical Quality and Pollution Assessment in the Can Gio Estuary, Vietnam. Journal of Environment, Climate, and Ecology, 2(2), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.69739/jece.v2i2.1116

References

APHA. (2005). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (21st ed). American Public Health Association/ American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington, D.C, USA.

Chen, F., Qiu, T., Xu, J., Zhang, J., Du, Y., Duan, Y., Zeng, Y., Zhou, L., Sun, J., & Sun, M. (2024). Rapid Real-Time Prediction Techniques for Ammonia and Nitrite in High-Density Shrimp Farming in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems. Fishes, 9, 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9100386.

Hlordzi, V., Kuebutornye, F. K. A., Afriyie, G., Abarike, E. D., Lu, Y., Chi, S., & Anokyewaa, M. A. (2020). The use of Bacillus species in maintenance of water quality in aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture Reports, 18, 100503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100503.

Hu, B., Liu, Y., Chen, Y., Yao, Y., Liu, H., & Wang, Z. (2024). Water quality and pollution source apportionment responses to rainfall in steppe lake estuaries: A case study of Hulun Lake in northern China. Ecological Indicators, 168, 112791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112791

Igwegbe, C. A., Ovuoraye, P. E., Białowiec, A., Okpala, C. O. R., Onukwuli, O. D., & Dehghani, M. H. (2022). Purification of aquaculture effluent using Picralima nitida seeds. Scientific Reports, 12, 21594. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26044-x

Le, M. H. (2019). Assess the impact and interaction between the water environment and aquaculture activities in Can Gio district and propose mitigation solutions. Department of Science and Technology of Ho Chi Minh City.

Luo, Q., Adeel, M., Ahmad, M. A., Jin, G., & Zain, M. (2023). Editorial: Occurrence, migration and degradation of emerging organic pollutants in the estuarine environment. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1249661. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1249661

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). (2015). National technical regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT). Hanoi, Vietnam.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). (2023). National technical regulation on Marine water quality (QCVN 10:2023/BTNMT). Hanoi, Vietnam.

Monitoring Center - General Department of Environment. (2010). Water quality index (WQI) calculation method. Hanoi, Vietnam.

Ta, H. M., & Huynh, T. H. (2017). Evaluation of some hydrochemical factors of aquaculture water environment in Hai Duong province. Journal of Environment, 4, 25-32.

Thai, N. T. (2023). Research and assessment of the current situation, propose solutions for management of aquatic resources and build a model of co-management of coastal fisheries in Can Gio District - Ho Chi Minh City, Department of Science and Technology of Ho Chi Minh City.

Vu, V. N., Nguyen, V. P., Le, T. C., & Nguyen, T. T. H. (2020). Forecating effects to the environment due by the concentration of aquatic resources in Can Gio are forecast. Journal of Environment (topic 1), 47-52.

Yu, B., Lyu, K., Li, J., Yang, Z., & Sun, Y. (2022). Combined toxic effects of nitrite and ammonia on life history traits of Daphnia pulex. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 1019483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1019483.

Downloads

Views

0

Downloads

0