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Research Article

BMFA: A Blockchain Framework for Secure and Scalable Multifactor Authentication

Authors

  • Asheshemi Nelson Oghenekevwe Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9281-198X

    nelson8life@gmail.com

  • Okoro Akpohrobaro Daniel Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria
  • Ayeh Blessing Elohor Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria
  • Ayo Michael Ifioko Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria
  • Atuduhor oghenerukevwe Regha Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria

Abstract

This paper introduces a Blockchain-based Multifactor Authentication (BMFA) layering which would enrich data privacy, confidentiality and security of digital systems. The presented framework merges blockchain, its decentralised and immutable ledger and multifactor authentication, which embraces the combination of possession, knowledge, inherence, and behavioural factors. With asymmetric cryptography and smart contracts, the framework provides tamper-resistant, scalable, and auditable processes of authentication. Through computational simulations in this paper, it is revealed that the BMFA framework is much more efficient than the traditional multifactor authentication (TMFA) systems. The most significant results are that the authentication token entropy increased by 45 per cent, tolerance probability against the adversary went down by 60 per cent, and the mean authentication latency is 30 milliseconds, which is still within the bounds of practical use. Moreover, statistical analysis also indicates that the BMFA framework enhances authentication token randomness and reduces the dependencies between two authentication events, thus helping alleviate token prediction and replay attacks. The scalability evaluation reveals that optimised blockchain designs enable the BMFA system to handle growing levels of users without affecting the performance. Altogether, this study confirms the practicality of using a combination of blockchain technology and multifactor authentication to establish an efficient, secure, and reliable structure that can help to overcome modern complexity in a digital context in regard to cybersecurity.

Keywords:

Blockchain Confidentiality Distributed Ledger Multifactor Authentication Privacy Shannon Entropy Smart Contract

Article information

Journal

Scientific Journal of Engineering, and Technology

Volume (Issue)

2(2), (2025)

Pages

134-140

Published

30-10-2025

How to Cite

Asheshemi, N. O., Okoro, A. D., Ayeh, B. E., Ayo, M. I., & Atuduhor, oghenerukevwe R. (2025). BMFA: A Blockchain Framework for Secure and Scalable Multifactor Authentication. Scientific Journal of Engineering, and Technology, 2(2), 134-140. https://doi.org/10.69739/sjet.v2i2.1101

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