Article section

Article title
Contributor
Abstract
About article
DOI
Citation style
Copyright
Open access
References
Research Article

Prevalence Rate of Bacterial Infections in Urogenital Tract of Adult Goats, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics

Authors

  • Hala S. R. AL-Taee Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wasit, Wasit, Iraq
  • Mohammed H. M. Merah Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wasit, Wasit, Iraq
  • Baidaa H. R. Al-Mahna Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wasit, Wasit, Iraq
  • Hasanain A. J. Gharban Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wasit, Wasit, Iraq

    hghirban@uowasit.edu.iq

Abstract

This study conducted to identify the prevalence rate of pathogenic bacteria in urogenital tract of adult female goats including non-previously kidding and those kidding at least one time. Also, detection of bacterial species and their susceptibility to various antibiotics was aimed. Totally, 148 vaginal swab samples were collected from the adult female goats; 74 from non-kidding and 74 from kidding goats. In laboratory, various culture media and biochemical tests were used to cultivation and differentiation of bacterial isolates based on their colonies’ morphology and reaction. Then, the Kirby-Bauer method was applied to test the susceptibility of the obtained bacterial species towards the applied antibiotics. Totally, the prevalence rate of bacterial infections among the study goats was 64.19%, in which, prevalence rate was significantly higher in non-kidding (78.38%) than kidding (50%) goats. The results of culture and biochemical tests showed the presence of Escherichia coli (30.53%), Proteus mirabilis (23.16%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.74%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.53%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (11.58%), and Staphylococcus aureus (9.47%). Significantly, the findings of antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the study bacterial isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin, Amikacin, Ampicillin, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime and Cefepime; while intermediate resistance was identified with Gentamicin. However, significant sensitivity was recorded to Colisitin, Nitofurantion, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacillin, Ofloxacine, Imipenem, Meropenem, Levofloxacine, and Nalidixic acid. In conclusion, the study indicates the high prevalence rate of bacterial infections in study animals, in particular non-kidding goats, with high incidence of resistance to different antibiotics. Therefore, furthermore studies using the advanced molecular diagnostic assays are of great importance to determine the epidemiology and presence of genes responsible on resistance of various bacteria.

Keywords:

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test Bacterial Infection Iraq Kidding Urogenital Tract

Article information

Journal

Journal of Agriculture, Aquaculture, and Animal Science

Volume (Issue)

2(1), (2025)

Pages

110-116

Published

27-04-2025

How to Cite

AL-Taee, H. S. R., Merah, M. H. M., Al-Mahna, B. H. R., & Gharban, H. A. J. (2025). Prevalence Rate of Bacterial Infections in Urogenital Tract of Adult Goats, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics. Journal of Agriculture, Aquaculture, and Animal Science, 2(1), 110-116. https://doi.org/10.69739/jaaas.v2i1.504

References

Abdullah, R. M., Samman, S. F.,& AL-Shwaikh, A. M. (2010). Study the effect of antibiotic combination of beta-lactam and aminoglycosidewithanother group of antibiotics and their synergism effect. Journal of Arab Board of Health Spcialization, 11(1), 62-68.

Abedin, M. Z., Arfat, M. E., Mia, S., Das, J., Koly, F. A., Karim, M. R., & Shathi, J. H. (2022). Symptomatic pathogen frequency and antibiogram patterns of bacterial isolates in urinary tract infections, Sirajganj Sadar, Bangladesh. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 4, 111-121.

Afum, T., Asandem, D. A., Asare, P., Asante-Poku, A., Mensah, G. I., Musah, A. B., & Yeboah-Manu, D. (2022). Diarrhea-causing Bacteria and their antibiotic resistance patterns among Diarrhea Patients from Ghana. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 894319.

Ahamed, A. A., Chaparala, H. , Omer, M., & Monga, M. (2015). Does Ston Removal Help patients with Recurrent Urinary Tractinfections. The Journal of urology, 194(4), 997-1001.

Ahmed, S. S., Shariq, A., Alsalloom, A. A., Babikir, I. H., & Alhomoud, B. N. (2019). Uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns: Relationship with urinary tract infections. International journal of health sciences, 13(2), 48.

Ali, M., Garba, K. A., & Abdallah, M. S. (2018). Antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria responsible for urinary tract infection (UTI). South Asian journal of biological research (SAJBR), 1(1), 12-27.

Aljanaby, A. A. J., & Alhasani, A. H. A. (2016). Virulence factors and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of multidrug resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from different clinical infections. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 10(22), 829-843.

Al-Jubouri, A . S., Mahmood, Y. A. R., & AL-Salihi. S. S.(2012).Pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from diarrheal casesamong children in Kirkuk city. Tikrit Journal of Pure Science, 17(4), 377- 388.

AL-Kubaisy, R. S. (2013). Prevalence of Virulence Factors andAntibiotics Resistance Among Locally Isolated Uropathogenic E. colifrom Pregnant Women. Master, science college, AL –Mustansiriyah University.

Al-Saffar, A. K. H. (2019). Genetic study of Pseudomonas aeruginosacusing burn and wound infections in Babil Governorate. M.S.C., thesis. College of science. Al-Mustansiriya University.

Alsamarai, A. G. M., Latif, I. A., & Abdulaziz, M. M. (2016). Urinary tract infection in Iraq: Evaluation of early detection methods and etiology. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5, 181-94.

Alwan, N. H., Ramadan, G. M., Hamad, A. K., Altammimi, S., Omar, T. M., Azeez, M., & Al-Jassani, M. J. (2023). Bacteria Causing UTI in Patients at Abu Ghraib, Iraq: Isolation and Identification. Journal of Communicable Diseases, 55(1), 98-101.

Banin, E., Hughes, D., & Kuipers, O. P. (2017). Bacterial pathogens, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. FEMS microbiology reviews, 41(3), 450-452.

Brooks, G. F., Butel, J. S., Carroll, K. C., & Morse, S. A. (2007). Jawetz, Melinick, JL and Adlebergs Medical Microbiology.

Cowan, S. T., & Steel, K. J. (2009). Manual for the identification of medical bacteria.

Du, Y., Wang, J., Li, H., Mao, S., Wang, D., Xiang, Z., & Chen, J. (2018). The dual function of the algal treatment: Antibiotic elimination combined with CO2 fixation. Chemosphere, 211, 192-201.

Fair, R. J., & Tor, Y. (2014). Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century. Perspectives in medicinal chemistry, 6.

Freitas, A. C. T. D., Ferraz, Á. A. B., Barchi, L. C., & Boin, I. D. F. S. F. (2023). Antibiotic prophylaxis for abdominal surgery: When to recommend? Brazilian college of digestive surgery position paper. ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo), 36, e1758.

Gandra, S., Tseng, K. K., Arora, A., Bhowmik, B., Robinson, M. L., Panigrahi, B., & Klein, E. Y. (2019). The mortality burden of multidrug-resistant pathogens in India: a retrospective, observational study. Clinical infectious diseases, 69(4), 563-570.

Gharban, A. J., Al-Shaeli, S. J., Al-Abedi, G. J., Abbas, Z. R., & Jassim, A. F. (2022). Microscopic Investigation of Bovine Haemoparasites in Wasit Province, Iraq. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 26(01), 1143-1159.

Gogry, F. A., Siddiqui, M. T., Sultan, I., & Haq, Q. M. R. (2021). Current update on intrinsic and acquired colistin resistance mechanisms in bacteria. Frontiers in medicine, 8, 677720.

Haider, G., Zehra, N., Munir, A. A., & Haider, A. (2010). Risk factors of urinary tract infection in pregnancy. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 60(3), 213.

Hassan, A., Usman, J., Kaleem, F., Omair, M., Khalid, A., & Iqbal, M. (2011). Detection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of biofilm producing Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria isolated from a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 7(1), 57-60.

Huang, C. J., Lin, H., & Yang, X. (2012). Industrial production of recombinant therapeutics in Escherichia coli and its recent advancements. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 39(3), 383-399.

Hussein, S. (2019). Diagnostic and experimental study of Corynebacterium renale isolated from urinary tract infection of goats. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 25(1), 51-55.

Ibrahim, S. A., Mohamed, D. A., & Suleman, S. K. (2020). Microbial causes of urinary tract infection and its sensitivity to antibiotics at Heevi pediatric teaching hospital/Duhok City. Medical Journal of Babylon, 17(1), 109-114.

Jian, Z., Zeng, L., Xu, T., Sun, S., Yan, S., Yang, L., & Dou, T. (2021). Antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria: Occurrence, spread, and control. Journal of basic microbiology, 61(12), 1049-1070.

Kazemier, B. M., Koningstein, F. N., Schneeberger, C., Ott, A., Bossuyt, P. M., de Miranda, E., & Geerlings, S. E. (2015). Maternal and neonatal consequences of treated and untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a prospective cohort study with an embedded randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15(11), 1324-1333.

Larsson, D. J., & Flach, C. F. (2022). Antibiotic resistance in the environment. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 20(5), 257-269.

Lilo, R. A., Alwan, Z. H. O., & AL-Jasim, R. M. I. (2020). Isolation and Diagnosis of Bacteria from Women with Urinary Tract Infection and Study of Antibiotic Susceptibility. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(10).

Madjeed Haddao, K., Dawood Saleem, H., Hameed, N. M., Mahdi Rheima, A., Alkhafaje, W. K., Salaam Abood, E., & Balasim Al-Dahy, L. (2022). Investigation of in vitro Cytotoxicity of Chelidonium majus against Leishmania Major. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(3), 1211-1214.

Mancuso, G., Midiri, A., Gerace, E., & Biondo, C. (2021). Bacterial antibiotic resistance: the most critical pathogens. Pathogens, 10(10), 1310.

Mohammed, M. A., Alnour, T. M., Shakurfo, O. M., & Aburass, M. M. (2016). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infection in Messalata Central Hospital, Libya. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 9(8), 771-776.

Nabbugodi, W. F. (2013). Prevalence of Urinary TractInfection, Microbial Etiology, and Antibiotic Sensitivity PattrenAmong Antenata Women Presenting with Lower Abdominal Pains InKEN YATTA national hospital. Thesis of master. University Of Nairob.

Naber, K. G., Bishop, M. C., Bjerklund-Johansen, T. E., Botto, H., Cek, M., Grabe, M., & Tenke, P. (2006). The management of urinary and male genital tract infections. European Association of Urology. European Association of Urology Guidelines. Arnhem: Drukkerij Gelderland, 1-126.

Nkang, A. O., Okonko, I. O., Fowotade, A., Udeze, A. O., Ogunnusi, T. A., Fajobi, E. A., & Mejeha, O. K. (2009). Antibiotics susceptibility profiles of bacteria from clinical samples in Calabar, Nigeria. Journal of Bacteriology Research, 1(8), 089-096.

Ondari, D. M. (2020). Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Enteric Bacteria and Antibiotic Sensitivity among Symptomatic Males Visiting Special Treatment Center. Nairobi City County, Kenya.

Raka, L., Mulliqi-Osmani, G., Berisha, L., Begolli, L., Omeragiq, S., Parsons, L., & Jakupi, X. (2010). Etiology and susceptibility of urinary tract isolates in Kosova. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 23, 2-5.

Razgar, Q., Salah, Z., & Raoof, A. (2018). A Study of Antibiotic Sensitivity and the Effect of CornSilk Extract on the Bacteria that Isolated from Urine of hemodialysis Patientsin Kirkuk city, Iraq. International journal of current research and academic, 6(2), 25-32.

Sabir, S., Anjum, A. A., Ijaz, T., Ali, M. A., & Nawaz, M. (2014). Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli from urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 30(2), 389.

Saeed, C. H., AL-Otraqchi, K. I., & Mansoor, I. Y. (2015). Prevalence of urinary tract infections and antibiotics susceptibility pattern among infants and young children in Erbil city. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences, 19(1), 915-922.

Saeed, M. G. (2020). Investigation of urinary bladder lesions of slaughtered local bovine calves in Mosul city. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 34(1), 45-51.

Sahay, S. (2020). Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection and the Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of the Most Common Uropathogen from a Tertiary Care Hospital of Jamshedpur.

Salami, H. T., Hamza, T. A., Saleem, H. D., Fadhil, A. A., Abdulhasan, M. J., Adhab, A. H., & Hamad, D. A. (2022). Efficiency of Purified Laccase from Pseudomonas Spp. as Bioremediator Agent in Gasoline Contaminated Soils. Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, 13(2), 141-144.

Saleem, H. D., Al-Obaidi, A. H., & Al-Tmemy, W. B. (2021).Histopathological Changes Due to Toxic Effect OfAflatoxin B1 On Liver, Kidney AndTherapeutic/Preventive Role Of Camel Milk. Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 21(1).

Sawalha, R. M. H. (2019). Prevalence of urinary tract infection among children of primary schools in Nablus (Doctoral dissertation).

Shati, A. A., Al-Taee, H. S., & Saleem, H. D. (2022). Ser-Surveying of Caprine Q-Fever (Coxiella burnetii) in Milk. Revista Electronica de Veterinaria, 467-478.

Sheet, O. H. (2018). Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from ruminant’s milk and their resistance to antibiotics in Ninevah governorate.

Smita, M. S. (2020). Bacterial Profile of Urinary Tract Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 18(4).

Tabasi, M., Ghassemi, M., Nia, S., Tabatabaei, A., & Shokrollahi, M. R. (2015). Surveillance of multidrug resistant uropathogenic bacteria in hospitalized patients in Iran-Tehran.

Tuvei, S. M. (2017). Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from diabetes mellitus patients with foot ulcers at Vihiga county referral hospital. Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Maseno University).

Widerström, M., Wiström, J., Sjöstedt, A., & Monsen, T. (2012). Coagulase-negative staphylococci: update on the molecular epidemiology and clinical presentation, with a focus on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases: official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 31(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1270-6

Downloads

Views

44

Downloads

27