Article section
Empowering Communities and Advancing Sustainable Eco-Tourism: The Intermediary Function of Community Support for Eco-Tourism
Abstract
Despite the literature on community empowerment and sustainable eco-tourism development (SETD), few studies have examined the mechanisms that connect these factors. This study explores the relationship between community empowerment and SETD while assessing the mediating role of community support for tourism. Social exchange theory provides the framework for understanding key factors in SETD. An empirical survey was conducted with 392 northern Tanzania residents from the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA). The analysis revealed a significant correlation between community empowerment and sustainable eco-tourism activities, with community support partially mediating the relationship. Findings suggest that enhanced community empowerment fosters successful eco-tourism development, primarily through local support for eco-tourism initiatives. This study contributes to the theory by highlighting the crucial role of community support in linking empowerment to sustainable tourism practices in local contexts.
Keywords:
Community-Based Tourism Community Empowerment Community Support Eco-Tourism Sustainable Development Tanzania
Article information
Journal
Journal of Management, and Development Research
Volume (Issue)
2(1), (2025)
Pages
22-33
Published
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2025 Heda Augustino Chale, Xiu-Hao Ding, Salum Mohammed Ahmed, Ruihong Liu (Author)
Open access

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Ahmad, M. S., & Abu Talib, N. B. (2015). Empowering local communities: decentralization, empowerment and community driven development. Quality & Quantity, 49, 827-838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0025-8
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 103(3), 411. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
Armstrong, R. (2012). An analysis of the conditions for success of community based tourism enterprises. CABI Digital Library. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20123157768
Asmelash, A. G., & Kumar, S. (2019). Assessing progress of tourism sustainability: Developing and validating sustainability indicators. Tourism management, 71, 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.020
Bello, F. G., Lovelock, B., & Carr, N. (2018). Enhancing community participation in tourism planning associated with protected areas in developing countries: Lessons from Malawi. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 18(3), 309-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358416647763
Bittar Rodrigues, C., & Prideaux, B. (2018). A management model to assist local communities developing community-based tourism ventures: a case study from the Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2017.1309045
Boley, B. B., Maruyama, N., & Woosnam, K. M. (2015). Measuring empowerment in an eastern context: Findings from Japan. Tourism management, 50, 112-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.011
Boley, B. B., & McGehee, N. G. (2014). Measuring empowerment: Developing and validating the resident empowerment through tourism scale (RETS). Tourism management, 45, 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.04.003
Budeanu, A., Miller, G., Moscardo, G., & Ooi, C. S. (2016). Sustainable tourism, progress, challenges and opportunities: an introduction. Journal of cleaner production, 111, 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.027
Byrd, E. T. (2007). Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: Applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development. Tourism Review, 62(2), 6-13. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370780000309
Canalejo, A. M. C., Tabales, J. N., López, J. M. C., & Fuentes-García, F. J. (2015). Resident perceptions of community tourism in Cape Verde. Tourism Culture & Communication, 15(2), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830415X14401707765926
Cárdenas, D. A., Byrd, E. T., & Duffy, L. N. (2015). An exploratory study of community awareness of impacts and agreement to sustainable tourism development principles. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 15(4), 254-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415580359
Chan, R., & Bhatta, K. D. (2013). Ecotourism planning and sustainable community development: theoretical perspectives for Nepal. South Asian Journal of Tourism & Heritage, 6(1), 69-96.
Chen, N., Hsu, C. H., & Li, X. R. (2018). Feeling superior or deprived? Attitudes and underlying mentalities of residents towards Mainland Chinese tourists. Tourism management, 66, 94-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.11.007
Chen, Z., Li, L., & Li, T. (2017). The organizational evolution, systematic construction and empowerment of Langde Miao’s community tourism. Tourism management, 58, 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.012
Cheng, T. M., Wu, H. C., Wang, J. T. M., & Wu, M. R. (2019). Community Participation as a mediating factor on residents’ attitudes towards sustainable tourism development and their personal environmentally responsible behaviour. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(14), 1764-1782. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1405383
Choi, H. S. C., & Sirakaya, E. (2005). Measuring residents’ attitude toward sustainable tourism: Development of sustainable tourism attitude scale. Journal of Travel Research, 43(4), 380-394. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875052746
Din, K. H. (2018). Dialogue with the hosts: an educational strategy towards sustainable tourism. In Tourism in South-East Asia (pp. 327-336). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429431395-18
Dodds, R., Ali, A., & Galaski, K. (2018). Mobilizing knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(13), 1547-1568. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1150257
Ellis, S., & Sheridan, L. (2015). The role of resident perceptions in achieving effective community-based tourism for least developed countries. Anatolia, 26(2), 244-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2014.939202
Eusébio, C., Vieira, A. L., & Lima, S. (2018). Place attachment, host–tourist interactions, and residents’ attitudes towards tourism development: The case of Boa Vista Island in Cape Verde. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 890-909. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1425695
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800
Gius, C. (2017). Facing the pain of others: Perspectives on international volunteer tourism between agency and spectatorship. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(15), 1620-1632. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1047330
Go, F., & Moutinho, L. (2000). International tourism management. In (pp. 315-336): CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon. https://rsgisc.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/strategic-Management-in-Tourism.pdf#page=326
Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes: A structural modeling approach. Annals of tourism research, 29(1), 79-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00028-7
Gurung, D. B., & Seeland, K. (2008). Ecotourism in Bhutan: Extending its benefits to rural communities. Annals of tourism research, 35(2), 489-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.004
Hair Jr, J., Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2023). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling. SAGE publications. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Advanced_Issues_in_Partial_Least_Squares
Hall, J. K., Daneke, G. A., & Lenox, M. J. (2010). Sustainable development and entrepreneurship: Past contributions and future directions. Journal of business venturing, 25(5), 439-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.01.002
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43, 115-135. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hughes, E., & Scheyvens, R. (2020). Development alternatives in the Pacific: How tourism corporates can work more effectively with local communities. In Reworking Tourism (pp. 44-62). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003034728-4
Irandu, E. M., & Shah, P. (2014). The Role of ecotourism in promoting women empowerment and Community Development: some reflections from Kenya. Journal of tourism and hospitality management, 2(6), 245-259. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2169/2014.06.002
Kafashpor, A., Ghasempour Ganji, S. F., Sadeghian, S., & Johnson, L. W. (2018). Perception of tourism development and subjective happiness of residents in Mashhad, Iran. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(6), 521-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1476392
Kapoor, P., Balaji, M. S., Jiang, Y., & Jebarajakirthy, C. (2021). Effectiveness of Travel Social Media Influencers: A Case of Eco-Friendly Hotels. Journal of Travel Research, 61(5), 1138-1155. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211019469
Khalid, S., Ahmad, M. S., Ramayah, T., Hwang, J., & Kim, I. (2019). Community empowerment and sustainable tourism development: The mediating role of community support for tourism. Sustainability, 11(22), 6248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226248
Kim, M., Xie, Y., & Cirella, G. T. (2019). Sustainable transformative economy: Community-based ecotourism. Sustainability, 11(18), 4977. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184977
Kimaro, J. M. (2022). Sustainable development and community empowerment through Tanzanian tourism social enterprises. University of Southampton, Doctoral Thesis, 272pp. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/471770
Kline, C., McGehee, N., & Delconte, J. (2019). Built capital as a catalyst for community-based tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 58(6), 899-915. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518787935
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
Kumar, S. (2023). Ecotourism: A Holistic Assessment of Environmental and Socio-economic Effects Towards Sustainable Development. Current World Environment, 18(2), 589-607. https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.18.2.14
Lee, T. H. (2013). Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development. Tourism management, 34, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.007
Lee, T. H., & Jan, F. H. (2019). Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism management, 70, 368-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003
Li, L., Dong, Y., Zhang, T., Wang, H., Li, H., & Li, A. (2023). Environmental and social outcomes of ecotourism in the dry rangelands of China. Journal of Ecotourism, 22(3), 430-450. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2022.2048841
Lwoga, N. B. (2018). Dilemma of local socio-economic perspectives in management of historic ruins in Kilwa Kisiwani World Heritage Site, Tanzania. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 24(10), 1019-1037. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1430604
Mangion, M. L., Durbarry, R., & Sinclair, M. T. (2005). Tourism competitiveness: price and quality. Tourism Economics, 11(1), 45-68. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000005329720
Manyara, G., & Jones, E. (2007). Community-based tourism enterprises development in Kenya: An exploration of their potential as avenues of poverty reduction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(6), 628-644. https://doi.org/10.2167/jost723.0
Martín, H. S., de los Salmones Sánchez, M. M. G., & Herrero, Á. (2018). Residentsʼ attitudes and behavioural support for tourism in host communities. Journal of travel & tourism marketing, 35(2), 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1357518
Mathew, P. V., & Sreejesh, S. (2017). Impact of responsible tourism on destination sustainability and quality of life of community in tourism destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.10.001
McCaughey, R., Mao, I., & Dowling, R. (2018). Residents’ perceptions towards cruise tourism development: the case of Esperance, Western Australia. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(3), 403-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1464098
McGehee, N. G., & Andereck, K. L. (2004). Factors predicting rural residents’ support of tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 43(2), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287504268
Melita, A. W., & Mendlinger, S. (2013). The impact of tourism revenue on the local communities’ livelihood: A case study of Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania. Journal of Service Science and Management, 6(1), 117-126. 26 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2013.61012
Mgonja, J. T. (2015). Evaluating local food-tourism linkages as a strategy for promoting sustainable tourism and economic development: A case of Tanzania Clemson University. https://www.proquest.com
Moghavvemi, S., Woosnam, K. M., Paramanathan, T., Musa, G., & Hamzah, A. (2017). The effect of residents’ personality, emotional solidarity, and community commitment on support for tourism development. Tourism management, 63, 242-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.021
Muganda, M., Sirima, A., & Ezra, P. M. (2013). The role of local communities in tourism development: Grassroots perspectives from Tanzania. Journal of Human Ecology, 41(1), 53-66. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09709274.2013.11906553
Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2011). Residents’ satisfaction with community attributes and support for tourism. Journal of hospitality & tourism research, 35(2), 171-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348010384
Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2012). Power, trust, social exchange and community support. Annals of tourism research, 39(2), 997-1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.11.017
Nunkoo, R., & So, K. K. F. (2016). Residents’ support for tourism: Testing alternative structural models. Journal of Travel Research, 55(7), 847-861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287515592972
Özel, Ç. H., & Kozak, N. (2017). An exploratory study of resident perceptions toward the tourism industry in Cappadocia: a Social Exchange Theory approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(3), 284-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2016.1236826
Panyik, E. (2015). Rural tourism governance: Determinants of policy-makers’ support for tourism development. Tourism planning & development, 12(1), 48-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2014.960603
Park, D. B., Nunkoo, R., & Yoon, Y. S. (2015). Rural residents’ attitudes to tourism and the moderating effects of social capital. Tourism geographies, 17(1), 112-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2014.959993
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers, 36, 717-731. https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/bf03206553
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Ringle, C. M., Jaafar, M., & Ramayah, T. (2017). Urban vs. rural destinations: Residents’ perceptions, community participation and support for tourism development. Tourism management, 60, 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.11.019
Satarat, N. (2010). Sustainable management of community-based tourism in Thailand. Bangkok: School of Public Administration, National Institute of Development Administration. http://libdcms.nida.ac.th
Scheyvens, R. (2002). Tourism for development: Empowering communities. Pearson Education. Tourism for Development: Empowering Communities by Regina Scheyvens: Compare Prices on New & Used Copies, Alibris.
Scott, N., & Marzano, G. (2015). Governance of tourism in OECD countries. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(2), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1041746
Sebastian, L. M., & Rajagopalan, P. (2009). Socio-cultural transformations through tourism: a comparison of residents’ perspectives at two destinations in Kerala, India. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 7(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820902812037
Sebele, L. S. (2010). Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama rhino sanctuary trust, central district, Botswana. Tourism management, 31(1), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.005
Selin, S. (2017). Elaborating the role of backbone leadership organizations in sustainable tourism development: The Monongahela River valley coalition. Sustainability, 9(8), 1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081367
Shakeela, A., & Weaver, D. (2018). Participatory planning and tourism development in the Maldives: a prerequisite of sustainability? Managing Asian Destinations, 73-85. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-8426-3_5
Simpson, M. C. (2008). Community benefit tourism initiatives—A conceptual oxymoron? Tourism management, 29(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.005
Sofield, T. H. (2003). Empowerment for sustainable tourism development. Emerald Group Publishing. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Empowerment_for_Sustainable_Tourism_Deve
Sood, J., Lynch, P., & Anastasiadou, C. (2017). Community non-participation in homestays in Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India. Tourism management, 60, 332-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.12.007
Strzelecka, M., Boley, B. B., & Strzelecka, C. (2017). Empowerment and resident support for tourism in rural Central and Eastern Europe (CEE): The case of Pomerania, Poland. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(4), 554-572. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1224891
Sutawa, G. K. (2012). Issues on Bali tourism development and community empowerment to support sustainable tourism development. Procedia economics and finance, 4, 413-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00356-5
Telfer, D. J., & Sharpley, R. (2002). Tourism and development: concepts and issues. Clevedon. Toronto: Channel View Publications. https://books.google.com
Tosun, C. (2000). Limits to community participation in ttourism development process in developing countries. Tourism management, 21(6), 613-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00009-1
Ven, S. (2015). Host residents’ attitude toward community-based ecotourism: Empirical study in southwestern Cambodia. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 4(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0269.1000140
Wang, C., Zheng, Q., Zeng, H., Wu, Y., & Wei, C. (2022). What Configurational Conditions Promote Tourism Eco-Transformation? A Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis Based on the TOE Framework. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1012856
Wu, J. M. L., Tsai, H., & Lee, J. S. (2017). Unraveling public support for casino gaming: The case of a casino referendum in Penghu. Journal of travel & tourism marketing, 34(3), 398-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1182457
Zhao, S. N., & Timothy, D. J. (2015). Governance of red tourism in China: Perspectives on power and guanxi. Tourism management, 46, 489-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.011
Zhao, Y., & Jiao, L. (2019). Resources development and tourism environmental carrying capacity of ecotourism industry in Pingdingshan City, China. Ecological Processes, 8, 1-6. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13717-019-0161-0
Ziggers, G. W., & Henseler, J. (2016). The reinforcing effect of a firm’s customer orientation and supply-base orientation on performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 52, 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2015.07.011